Search results for "Pathogenesis"
showing 10 items of 761 documents
From Immunogenic Mechanisms to Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
2006
Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two most common forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The etiology of IBD is still unclear and should be considered as multi-factorial according to recent studies.1 Genetic factors seem to play a pathogenetic role as well as environmental, infectious and immulogical factors. Substantial progress, however, has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD during the past years persuing the view, that IBD could result from disturbances of the intestinal barrier and a pathologic activation of the intestinal immune response towards luminal, bacterial antigens. This paradigm has led to the identification of key pla…
Pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: transcription factors in the spotlight.
1998
See article on page 477 Dysregulated cytokine production by mucosal lymphocytes and macrophages has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).1 Over the past few years, various murine models of chronic intestinal inflammation resembling IBD have been discovered which have provided important clues as to the nature of this dysregulation and to its possible treatment with cytokines.2 Thus, in studies of several of the models most closely resembling Crohn’s disease it has been shown that production of large amounts of Th1-type cytokines—for example, interferon γ, by T cells is a major and ess…
Importance of HLA-DR+ and CD1a+ Epidermal Cells for Cytokine Production in Psoriasis
1995
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterised by marked hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in association with vascular expansion, leukocyte infiltration and lymphocyte activation1. Cytokines are thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis. It is speculated that a dysregulation of the cytokine network involving tumor-necrosis-factor-a (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) might be the basic mechanism of the psoriatic inflammatory response2. TNF-α is the prototype of a proinflammatory peptide exerting immunomodulatory effects. IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine with a broad range of biological functions in both acute and chronic inflammatory reactions. IL-8…
Identification and role of inflammatory oxygen free radicals in cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury
2003
Prolonged myocardial ischemia results in a variety of severe cellular, metabolic and ultra-structural damages. It is therefore generally accepted that reperfusion is an absolute prerequisite for the survival of ischemic tissue. However, reperfusion may precipitate arrhythmias, cause myocardial stunning and accelerate necrotic process. Oxygen free radicals have been suggested as possible mediators of reperfusioninduced injury and there is circumstantial evidence that supports this hypothesis. Indirect evidence in support of this concept derives from studies in which antioxidant enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, free radical scavengers and iron chelators are able to protect against reperfusion inju…
Epidemiology and pathogenesis of celiac disease and non-celiac gluten (wheat) sensitivity
2021
Abstract While in the past, celiac disease (CD) was considered the only clinical entity caused by the ingestion of gluten-containing grains, now there is evidence that a spectrum of gluten-related disorders, including also wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten (wheat) sensitivity (NCGS/NCWS), exists. The prevalence of gluten-related disorders is rising, and increasing numbers of individuals are empirically trying a gluten-free diet for a variety of signs and symptoms. CD is a gluten-induced immune-mediated enteropathy characterized by a specific genetic genotype [human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 genes] and autoantibodies (antitissue transglutaminase and antiendomysial). NCGS/NCWS…
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and Plasmalogens in diabetics
2012
Purpose Plasmalogens (PLS) are phospholipids characterized by a vinyl ether bond and a preferential esterification of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). We have previously shown that the lack of PLS leads to retinal hyper-capillarization. We hypothesize that PLS are negative regulators of vascular development, and aimed to check their circulating levels in diabetic patients. Methods Blood samples were collected from 88 patients and 14 control subjects. Among diabetics we had 14 patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR), 12 with a mild non proliferative DR, 12 with a moderate non proliferative DR, 22 with a severe non proliferative DR and 24 with a proliferative DR (PDR). Erythrocytes were…
Osoby cierpiące na zaburzenia psychiczne
2022
Systematic research about mental illnesses has been conducted for many years in Poland and all around the world. Many studies of this topic have been conducted since then. The following work presents an overview of results of studies about mental illnesses – definitione of the concept, Classification of disorders as well as problems of stigmatization and self-stigma in the modern world. The analysis of reports to date shows that every fourth Pole in working age has experienced a mental disorder at least once in his life, and the most numerous group of Poles are addicts, which is about 3.3 million Poles. People suffering from neuroses are in second place and people suffering from mood disord…
Genetische Hämochromatose und das HFE-Gen: von der Molekulargenetik zur klinischen Diagnostik
2000
More than 90% of patients with genetic hemochromatosis carry a characteristic mutation in the HFE-gene (C282Y). HFE modulates the iron uptake by the transferrin receptor. Duodenal crypt cells of HFE-knockout mice show low intracellular iron concentrations which lead to an upregulation of the divalent metal transporter and enhanced iron uptake by duodenal enterocytes. Heterozygosity for the C282Y mutation appears to alter the course of other liver diseases like porphyria cutanea tarda and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
SULT1A1 gene deletion in BRCA2-associated male breast cancer: a link between genes and environmental exposures?
2013
SULT1A1, a member of sulfotransferase superfamily, is a drug and hormone metabolizing enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of potential mammary carcinogens of endogenous and exogenous origin. Interestingly, the metabolic activity of SULT1A1 can be affected by varia- tions in gene copy number. Male Breast Cancer (MBC) is a rare disease and less investigated disease compared to female BC (FBC). As in FBC, the concurrent effects of genetic risk factors, particularly BRCA2 mutations, increased exposure to estrogens and environmental carcinogens play a relevant role in MBC. By quantitative real-time PCR with TaqMan probes, we investigated the presence of SULT1A1 gene copy number variat…
Cetacean Morbillivirus: Current Knowledge and Future Directions
2014
We review the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) and the diagnosis and pathogenesis of associated disease, with six different strains detected in cetaceans worldwide. CeMV has caused epidemics with high mortality in odontocetes in Europe, the USAand Australia. It represents a distinct species within the Morbillivirusgenus. Although most CeMV strains are phylogenetically closely related, recent data indicate that morbilliviruses recovered from Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), from Western Australia, and a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), from Brazil, are divergent. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) cell rec…