Search results for "Pathway"
showing 10 items of 1685 documents
Sonic hedgehog promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis in a coculture system consisting of primary osteoblasts and outgrowth endothelial cells.
2009
A number of previous studies documented the angiogenic potential of outgrowth endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo and provided evidence that therapeutic success could depend on coculture or coimplantation strategies. Thus, deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying this pro-angiogenic effect of cocultures might provide new translational options for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. One promising signaling pathway in bone repair involved in neoangiogenesis and bone formation is the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. In this article, we focus on the effect of Shh on the formation of microvessel-like structures and osteoblastic differentiation in cocultures of primary os…
VEGF and Notch Signaling in Angiogenesis
2015
The vascular system is responsible for providing every cell in vertebrate organisms with a sufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients, allowing waste disposal as well as transmitting immune responses among other functions. Thus, every tissue and organ requires an efficient network of blood vessels, which can be formed de novo (vasculogenesis) or from existing vessels (angiogenesis). The onset of the latter, namely endothelial cell (EC) sprouting, is the focus of this chapter. EC sprouting starts with the differentiation of ECs into guiding tip cells and proliferative stalk cells that form the growing sprout and it ends with the so-called anastomosis, when the sprout fuses with another sprout…
Functional brain imaging of peripheral and central vestibular disorders.
2008
This review summarizes our current knowledge of multisensory vestibular structures and their functions in humans. Most of it derives from brain activation studies with PET and fMRI conducted over the last decade. The patterns of activations and deactivations during caloric and galvanic vestibular stimulations in healthy subjects have been compared with those in patients with acute and chronic peripheral and central vestibular disorders. Major findings are the following: (1) In patients with vestibular neuritis the central vestibular system exhibits a spontaneous visual-vestibular activation–deactivation pattern similar to that described in healthy volunteers during unilateral vestibular sti…
Involvement of the visual evoked potentials in type 2 diabetes
2013
Objective :To assess the function of the optic pathway in type 2 diabetics without retinopathy (40 subjects) or with mild Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (40 subjects). Methods: VEPs , elicited by means of pattern-reversal stimulation, were studied in a group of 80 non-insulin-dependent diabetics . Results: In subjects suffering from diabetes for less than 10 years, with mild retinopathy or without retinopathy, the amplitude N75-P100 decreased, and this is statistically significant with stimulation at 15’. As the time from disease onset increases, VEP latency (P100) shows a greater increase with the use of small checks (15’), than with large checks (30’) and this becomes statisticall…
Two interconnected functional systems in the amygdala of amniote vertebrates.
2008
The amygdala shows ventropallial and lateropallial derivatives that can be compared among vertebrates according to their topological position, either superficial (cortical amygdala) or deep (basolateral amygdala and amygdalo-hippocampal area), connections and histochemical features. On the other hand, the subpallial amygdala, also called extended amygdala, is composed of medial and central divisions. In mammals, both divisions consist of an intra-amygdaloid portion and a part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In non-mammals, the intratelencephalic trajectory of the stria terminalis is short and both poles of the extended amygdala are close together. Like its mammalian counterpart,…
The "olfactostriatum" of snakes: a basal ganglia vomeronasal structure in tetrapods.
2005
The olfactostriatum is a portion of the basal ganglia of snakes situated ventromedially to the nucleus accumbens proper. It receives a major vomeronasal input from the nucleus sphericus, the primary target of accessory olfactory bulb efferents. Recently, the ophidian olfactostriatum has been characterized on the basis of chemoarchitecture (distribution of serotonin, neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase) and hodology (afferent and efferent connections). In contrast to the nucleus accumbens proper, the olfactostriatum is densely immunoreactive for serotonin and neuropeptide Y and sparsely immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase. The nucleus accumbens proper and the olfactostriatum share mo…
The pallial amygdala of amniote vertebrates: evolution of the concept, evolution of the structure
2002
Embryological studies indicate that the amygdala includes pallial structures, namely the cortical amygdala (olfactory and vomeronasal) and the basolateral complex deep to it. In squamate reptiles, the cortical amygdala includes secondary olfactory (the ventral anterior amygdala) and vomeronasal centres (the nucleus sphericus). In birds, the situation is far less clear, due to the relative underdevelopment of the chemosensory systems. The basolateral amygdala of squamate reptiles includes two ventropallial structures: the posterior dorsal ventricular ridge and the lateral amygdala. Like their mammalian counterparts, these centres give rise to glutamatergic projections to the striatal (centro…
NovelAmycolatopsis balhimycinabiochemical abilities unveiled by proteomics
2014
Amycolatopsis balhimycina DSM5908 is an actinomycete producer of balhimycin, an analogue of vancomycin, the antibiotic of ‘last resort’ against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Most knowledge on glycopeptide biosynthetic pathways comes from studies on A. balhimycina as this strain, among glycopeptide producers, is genetically more amenable. The recent availability of its genome sequence allowed to perform differential proteomic analyses elucidating key metabolic pathways leading to antibiotic production in different growth conditions. To implement proteomic data on A. balhimycina derived from 2-DE approaches and to identify novel components, a combined approach based on protein …
Utilization of Xylitol in Animals and Man
1969
The discovery of the pentose phosphate cycle and the glucuronic acid xylulose cycle as important metabolic pathways raised the question of the nutritive and dietetic significance of the metabolites involved in the mentioned cycles or related substances and also the problem of their clinical use in disorders of the carbohydrate metabolism.
Kinetic modelling of the Zymomonas mobilis Entner-Doudoroff pathway: insights into control and functionality.
2013
Zymomonas mobilis, an ethanol-producing bacterium, possesses the Entner-Doudoroff (E-D) pathway, pyruvate decarboxylase and two alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes for the fermentative production of ethanol and carbon dioxide from glucose. Using available kinetic parameters, we have developed a kinetic model that incorporates the enzymic reactions of the E-D pathway, both alcohol dehydrogenases, transport reactions and reactions related to ATP metabolism. After optimizing the reaction parameters within likely physiological limits, the resulting kinetic model was capable of simulating glycolysis in vivo and in cell-free extracts with good agreement with the fluxes and steady-state intermediate …