Search results for "Payments"

Elektronisko norēķinu attīstības analīze

2016

Pasaulē šobrīd elektronisko norēķinu veidi ir plaši pieejami, arī Latvijas bankas aktīvi izplata elektronisko norēķinu palīgrīkus, piedāvājot internetbankas un maksājuma karšu komplektus. Darba autors noskaidro Latvijas elektrisko norēķinu tirgus gatavību pāriet no skaidrās naudas maksājumiem uz elektroniskiem norēķiniem, analizē elektronisko norēķinu attīstības tendences. Autors vispirms aplūko elektronisko norēķinu vēsturisko pusi. Pievērš uzmanību spēkā esošo likumu normatīviem regulējumiem. Veic elektronisko norēķinu tirgus analīzi, atklāj nākotnes attīstības tendences. Sniedz informāciju par elektronisko norēķinu riskiem, norēķinu drošības un risku novēršanas pasākumiem Uz darba gaitā …

Fiscal visibility in the U.S. and the European Union

2001

European Union Protection System

2014

Traditionally, the EU law (characterised as acquis communautaire) is divided into the primary law and the secondary law. This distinction of the EU law is not based on a hierarchy of norms but, as it is justly admitted in the legal literature, on sources: if the EU primary law originates from the EU Member States as ‘Masters of the Treaty’, the EU secondary law—directly from EU institutions. In the case of IGOs (as well as other IP objects such as trade marks, designs, patents, and plant variety rights), their regulation is ensured both by the EU primary law and the EU secondary law which will be reviewed separately in Part II of the book.

Absorption of European Funds by Romania

2014

Abstract The European Union provides financial support to all Member States through structural instruments (Structural Funds) and the Fund for Agriculture. Nationally, each Member State has to set up operational programs (SOP) in accordance with European requirements to access the available money. In the current multiannual financial exercise there are 7 SOP, plus the agriculture program. The absorption level of European funds for the current financial period - 2007-2013 - is low for several reasons: lack of strategic vision for programming development, poor quality of projects, excessive bureaucracy, lack of optimization of financial flows etc. For the upcoming 2014-2020 financial programm…

The World Bank's Early Reflections On Development: A Development Institution Or A Bank?

2008

Until the late 1960s, the World Bank presented itself as an institution devoted to making sound and directly productive project loans. Yet, during its early years, discussions took place within the Bank regarding the possibility of issuing different types of loans, namely (i) loans aimed at tackling social issues (‘social loans’), and (ii) loans aimed at providing foreign currency to address disequilibria in the balance of payments (‘impact loans’). This paper brings together historical analysis and theories of organization development to study the housing issue as a case in point. The analysis reveals that the Bank was unwilling to lend for housing programmes not because these were not sou…

The Global Crisis and Alternative Scenarios to Save the Euro: A Spanish Perspective

2013

That the euro was in trouble became evident after the financial markets' turmoil the summer of 2007. The global financial crisis called into question some of the dogma propounded by the champions of liberal capitalism, such as the efficiency of financial markets. Whereas in the US several banks went bankrupt, in the EU the banking sector was recapitalised, and fiscal measures were taken to support companies and families, and to stimulate the economy; moreover, an institutional framework was set up to improve financial regulation and supervision. The banking and financial crisis was followed, as usual, by a debt crisis. In 2010–11, successive European Summits accelerated the creation of fina…

Balance of payments crises and fiscal adjustment measures

1991

A model with optimizing firms and consumers is used to explore the effects of unannounced and preannounced fiscal adjustment policies that are intended to prevent an impending balance of payments crisis. It is shown that preannouncement unambiguously raises the required fiscal adjustment effort so that, from the government's point of view, “cold turkey” is the preferable policy. The effect of preannouncement on the private sector's adjustment cost is ambiguous since preannouncement induces an externality which may either benefit or harm the private sector, depending on the nature of the measure that is preannounced.

Transport in Spain: economic analysis of the sector

1982

Abstract This article analyses the evolution of the transport sector in Spain in recent years, the analysis being presented in three parts. The first part is an analysis of the sector from a macroeconomic point of view and its relation to the most relevant macromagnitudes of the Spanish Economy. The relative importance and relationship of transport is shown in relation to Gross Domestic Product, the evolution and the significance of the different modes of transportation, its significance in the Gross Formation of Fixed Capital and the relationship between transport and energy, balance of payments, employment and the public sector. The second part of the paper is a microeconomic analysis of …

Réformes évolutionnistes du système des paiements internationaux : la création de systèmes des paiements supranationaux, une nécessité au regard des …

2012

At the height of the crisis, the international monetary system is powerless to reduce theinstability of exchange rates, the imbalance of the current account of balance ofpayments, instability of exchange rates and the development of speculation in financialmarkets the and the asymmetry between net exporters countries and net deficits countries.This thesis, which had the merit of opening new tracks in order to understand thecomplex relationships between global imbalances and the actual system, showed thatthese global imbalances are intrinsically linked to the failures of the internationalmonetary structure. To stop the deterioration of global imbalances, we propose that thesystem turns towar…

NFC-maksaminen : mahdollisuudet ja haasteet käyttäjän näkökulmasta

2013

Mobiilit päätelaitteet ja niitä käyttävien kuluttajien määrä on lisääntynyt nopeasti viime vuosien aikana, mikä tuo uusia mahdollisuuksia erilaisille mobiilin maksamisen sovelluksille. Tässä tutkielmassa paneuduttiin kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla Near Field Communication -teknologian eli NFC:n ominaisuuksiin sekä NFC-maksamiseen liittyvien mahdollisuuksien ja haasteiden erityispiirteisiin käyttäjän näkökulmasta. Tutkimustuloksina todettiin NFC-maksamisella olevan huomattava määrä kehittäjiä ja muita tukijoita takanaan, mikä edesauttaa nopeaa teknologista kehitystä. NFC:llä vaikuttaisikin olevan hyvät mahdollisuudet kilpailla muiden elektronisten maksutapojen kanssa. NFC-maksamisen helppous …