Search results for "Pension"

Theoretical Old-Age Pension Benefits and Replacement Rates in the Baltic States: A Retrospective Simulation

2016

Abstract The author presents a comparative analysis of old-age pension systems in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania using a method of retrospective simulation run on a self-developed model. The model baseline case is a person retiring in December 2014 after 40 years of service with nationwide average salary. Other cases include low and high-earners, funded schemes participants and simulations for modified notional capital valorisation formulae. Three study countries return very dissimilar results, which is caused by differences in their pension systems’ designs. Lack of non-contributory element (basic pension) in Latvia leads to a low degree of progressivity, with inexcusably low pensions to lo…

Sustainability of Pension Systems in the Baltic States

2016

Objective: The objective of the paper is to identify how the concept of sustainability is understood and ensured in the pension systems of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania; and what implications it brings to the performance of pension schemes. Research Design & Methods: Analysis of various conceptual and methodological approaches to the notion of sustainability of pension systems. Comparative analysis of present pension legislation, as well as preceding stage of pension reforms,   accompanied by a number of numerical models. Findings: The understanding of sustainability is limited by narrow ‘fiscal’ meaning in Latvia, compared to more a multifaceted concept that includes the principle of socia…

Finances and credit: problems, conceptions, management

2001

Economic situation in the Baltic States is investigated, in particular the development of economics in transition is analysed in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Poland. There are studied the following details: Monetary and exchange rate policy; Crediting and bank management; Development of securities market; Management of taxes and finance; Development of accounting policy; Pension reform perspective etc.

Nucleation pathway and kinetics of phase-separating active Brownian particles

2016

Suspensions of purely repulsive but self-propelled Brownian particles might undergo phase separation, a phenomenon that strongly resembles the phase separation of passive particles with attractions. Here we employ computer simulations to study the nucleation kinetics and the microscopic pathway active Brownian disks take in two dimensions when quenched from the homogeneous suspension to propulsion speeds beyond the binodal. We find the same qualitative behavior for the nucleation rate as a function of density as for a passive suspension undergoing liquid-vapor separation, suggesting that the scenario of an effective free energy also extends to the kinetics of phase separation. We study the …

Investigating marine shallow waters dynamics to explore the role of turbidity on ecological responses

2009

The ecological tangible effect of the complex interaction between sediments and water column in shallow waters is represented by turbidity which is a common feature of most aquatic ecosystems: it varies both temporally and spatially; it can cover a huge area and persist for a long period or it can be very localized and temporary. Among many factors able to generate turbidity, wind generated wave action and water mass movements due to tides seem important in causing resuspension of sediments. Although there is much research spent in last decades on this topic and many models to explain the complexity of the wind-water-sediment interaction, some interactive aspects are too site specific and t…

Connectivity percolation in suspensions of hard platelets

2012

We present a study on connectivity percolation in suspensions of hard platelets by means of Monte Carlo simulation. We interpret our results using a contact-volume argument based on an effective single--particle cell model. It is commonly assumed that the percolation threshold of anisotropic objects scales as their inverse aspect ratio. While this rule has been shown to hold for rod-like particles, we find that for hard plate-like particles the percolation threshold is non-monotonic in the aspect ratio. It exhibits a shallow minimum at intermediate aspect ratios and then saturates to a constant value. This effect is caused by the isotropic-nematic transition pre-empting the percolation tran…

CFD simulation of solid-liquid suspension startup in a stirred tank

2008

Photoreduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid in aqueous suspension: a comparison between phthalocyanine/TiO2 and porphyrin/TiO2 catalysed processes

2014

Composite materials prepared by loading polycrystalline TiO2 powders with lipophilic highly branched Cu(II)- and metal-free phthalocyanines or porphyrins, which have been used in the past as photocatalysts for photodegradative processes, have been successfully tested for the efficient photoreduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous suspension affording significant amounts of formic acid. The results indicated that the presence of the sensitizers is beneficial for the photoactivity, confirming the important role of Cu(II) co-ordinated in the middle of the macrocycles. A comparison between Cu(II) phthalocyanines and Cu(II) porphyrins indicated that the Cu(II)- phthalocyanine sensitizer was more e…

Les climats régionaux : observation et modélisation : actes du colloque

2012

6 pages; International audience; L'objectif de cette étude est de caractériser les variations spatio-temporelles des flux sédimentaires de la basse vallée du Mono-Couffo (bassin versant partagé par le Bénin et le Togo), à partir des données de matières en suspension (MES), de débits solides (TSS), de pluie, du débit et des données concernant l'occupation du sol pour mieux apprécier l'impact de la dégradation du couvert végétal sur le flux des sédiments terrigènes. Il ressort de l'analyse une diminution de plus de 60 % des formations naturelles entre les années 1956 et 2000, contribuant à une augmentation des apports spécifiques dans la basse vallée. Une charge solide considérable en matière…

Influence of compliance for an elastokinematic model of a proposed rear suspension

2014

The research is carried out to improve passenger’s comfort to increase the vehicles stability in dynamic conditions. The literature available in the automotive engineering considers different topics for studying suspensions. An example represents mechanisms structure and analysis (synthesis, kinematics, and dynamics) under various operating conditions. These aspects have been approached before analytically, numerical. The current paper studies the influence of the lateral force on the contact patch of the wheel and the corresponding variations of vehicle stability parameters, such as camber angle and wheel rear track. The study is performed for a newer innovative rear suspensions mechanism …