Search results for "Planning and Development"
showing 10 items of 2059 documents
Historical and Technical Notes on Aqueducts from Prehistoric to Medieval Times
2013
The aim of this paper is to present the evolution of aqueduct technologies through the millennia, from prehistoric to medieval times. These hydraulic works were used by several civilizations to collect water from springs and to transport it to settlements, sanctuaries and other targets. Several civilizations, in China and the Americas, developed water transport systems independently, and brought these to high levels of sophistication. For the Mediterranean civilizations, one of the salient characteristics of cultural development, since the Minoan Era (ca. 3200-1100 BC), is the architectural and hydraulic function of aqueducts used for the water supply in palaces and other settlements. The M…
TARJETA TURÍSTICA SAFETY AND SECURITY: EL PASAPORTE PARA TURISTAS Y DESTINOS SEGUROS
2020
La emergencia sanitaria por el COVID-19 ha paralizado el turismo, causando impactos nunca antes imaginados. Más de un tercio de la población global está en situación de confinamiento.
 La actividad turística, que supone más del 10% del PIB mundial, se encuentra en situación de letargo. Se prevén escenarios futuros que requieren de una acción inmediata. La formula Safety Security puede ser la clave de un nuevo orden turístico, que debe contar con mayor número de medidas de sostenibilidad y añadir la seguridad del destino y del turista. Se propone la creación de una tarjeta turística, con credenciales de turista Safety Security para destinos Safety Security. The health emergency caused b…
Thermal remote sensing of land surface temperature from satellites: Current status and future prospects
1995
Abstract In this paper we review the current status for deriving land surface temperatures (LSTs) by remote sensing from satellites in the thermal infrared. Because of its widespread use and global applicability, we concentrate on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The theoretical framework and methodologies used to derive LSTs are reviewed and amplified. Practical algorithms are described and their accuracy and application critically evaluated through sensitivity studies and by inter‐comparison. The important effects of the atmosphere, surface emissivity and instrument noise are considered and the current practice for removing these effects is specified. The accuracy cur…
Detection and elimination of UHI effects in long temperature records from villages – A case study from Tivissa, Spain
2019
Abstract Since villages are usually regarded as part of the rural area, associated temperature records are assumed to be free of urban influences and might be used as unbiased reference data for city records. However, based on two years of data from a high temporal and spatial resolution sensor network, this study proves the development of a substantial UHI in the Spanish village Tivissa with intensities of >1.5 K in summer Tmin and Tmax compared to a rural reference. Hosting a meteorological station that has been relocated several times within Tivissa during its >100-year history, we here detail a method to remove UHI biases at past measurement sites to create a more reliable rural tempera…
Pathway using WUDAPT's Digital Synthetic City tool towards generating urban canopy parameters for multi-scale urban atmospheric modeling
2019
Abstract The WUDAPT (World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools project goal is to capture consistent information on urban form and function for cities worldwide that can support urban weather, climate, hydrology and air quality modeling. These data are provided as urban canopy parameters (UCPs) as used by weather, climate and air quality models to simulate the effects of urban surfaces on the overlying atmosphere. Information is stored with different levels of detail (LOD). With higher LOD greater spatial precision is provided. At the lowest LOD, Local Climate Zones (LCZ) with nominal UCP ranges is provided (order 100 m or more). To describe the spatial heterogeneity present in cities wi…
Are urban water bodies really cooling?
2020
Abstract Small urban water bodies, like ponds or canals, are often assumed to cool their surroundings during hot periods, when water bodies remain cooler than air during daytime. However, during the night they may be warmer. Sufficient fetch is required for thermal effects to reach a height of 1–2 m, relevant for humans. In the ‘Really cooling water bodies in cities’ (REALCOOL) project thermal effects of typical Dutch urban water bodies were explored, using ENVI-met 4.1.3. This model version enables users to specify intensity of turbulent mixing and light absorption of the water, offering improved water temperature simulations. Local thermal effects near individual water bodies were assesse…
Modeling the outdoor cooling impact of highly radiative “super cool” materials applied on roofs
2021
Abstract Highly reflective “cool materials” are commonly used to reduce temperatures in the urban environment. Recently developed “super cool” materials feature an even higher albedo and emissivity (both above 0.95) than traditional cool materials. To examine the impacts of super cool roofing materials on outdoor air temperature compared to traditional cool roofs and green roofs, we conduct a sensitivity study with the microclimate model ENVI-met. Simulated surface temperature of super cool roofs remained around 6 K below ambient air temperature during high solar irradiation, which is consistent with observations. Super cool roofs – with an averaged street-level air temperature cooling of a…
A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high‐resolution paleoclimatology
2010
The high-resolution reconstruction of hemispheric-scale temperature variation over the past-millennium benchmarks recent warming against more naturally driven climate episodes, such as the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period, thereby allowing assessment of the relative efficacies of natural and anthropogenic forcing factors. Icons of past temperature variability, as featured in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports over nearly two decades, have changed from a schematic sketch in 1990, to a seemingly well-solved story in 2001, to more explicit recognition of significant uncertainties in 2007. In this article, we detail the beginning of the movement to reconstru…
A component-based approximation for trend detection of intense rainfall in the Spanish Mediterranean coast
2022
Rainfall behavior is a fundamental issue in areas with scarce and irregular amounts, such as the Spanish Mediterranean region. We identified 12 spatial patterns that characterized 899 torrential precipitation events (≥150 mm in 24 h) that occurred in the 3,537 rainy precipitation series in the period 1950–2020. Three of these components––eastern and ESE––showed positive and significant trends in their accumulated volumes. We then characterized the mean synoptic causes of the 10 most intense events in each component at both mean sea-level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height, and also the integrated water-vapor transport between 1,000 and 300 hPa. We found a clear spatial distribution of…
Modeling impacts of super cool roofs on air temperature at pedestrian level in mesoscale and microscale climate models
2021
Abstract Passive daytime radiative cooling is gaining increasing relevance as recent studies report that newly developed materials with very high reflectivity and emissivity could be able to effectively reduce urban heat stress, when applied as roofing material (super cool roofs). A recent microscale sensitivity study with ENVI-met modeled the impact of super cool roofs with maximum air temperature reductions of around 0.85 K at pedestrian level for an idealized model area. To verify these findings in real urban structures featuring complex building morphologies and varying meteorological conditions, we conducted climate simulations for two contrasting cities: New York City, NY, and Phoenix…