Search results for "Principle"
showing 10 items of 1023 documents
Connexive Logic, Probabilistic Default Reasoning, and Compound Conditionals
2023
We present two approaches to investigate the validity of connexive principles and related formulas and properties within coherence-based probability logic. Connexive logic emerged from the intuition that conditionals of the form if not-A, then A, should not hold, since the conditional’s antecedent not-A contradicts its consequent A. Our approaches cover this intuition by observing that the only coherent probability assessment on the conditional event A | not-A is p(A | not-A) = 0. In the first approach we investigate connexive principles within coherence-based probabilistic default reasoning, by interpreting defaults and negated defaults in terms of suitable probabilistic constraints on con…
On compound and iterated conditionals
2021
We illustrate the notions of compound and iterated conditionals introduced, in recent papers, as suitable conditional random quantities, in the framework of coherence. We motivate our definitions by examining some concrete examples. Our logical operations among conditional events satisfy the basic probabilistic properties valid for unconditional events. We show that some, intuitively acceptable, compound sentences on conditionals can be analyzed in a rigorous way in terms of suitable iterated conditionals. We discuss the Import-Export principle, which is not valid in our approach, by also examining the inference from a material conditional to the associated conditional event. Then, we illus…
Completing the logarithmic scoring rule for assessing probability distributions
2012
We propose and motivate an expanded version of the logarithmic score for forecasting distributions, termed the Total Log score. It incorporates the usual logarithmic score, which is recognised as incomplete and has been mistakenly associated with the likelihood principle. The expectation of the Total Log score equals the Negentropy plus the Negextropy of the distribution. We examine both discrete and continuous forms of the scoring rule, and we discuss issues of scaling for scoring assessments. The analysis suggests the dual tracking of the quadratic score along with the usual log score when assessing the qualities of probability distributions. An application to the sequential scoring of f…
LA POLITICA ORDINARIA E DI COESIONE NELLE REGIONI ITALIANE: UNA VALUTAZIONE SETTORIALE SUL FUNZIONAMENTO DEL PRINCIPIO DI ADDIZIONALITA'
2022
This paper analyses the degree of additionality of the Cohesion Policy to ordinary domestic spending in the Italian NUTS-2 regions during the last two programming periods (2007-2013 and 2014-2020). The European Commission has established that the Structural Funds must not be used to replace the disbursement of the Member States to the regions. However, the treatment could distort the allocative choices of the national policy maker. The main element of novelty is the ex-post panel evaluation of cohesion funds’ additionality to the Ordinary Policy through a sectoral breakdown of spending, controlling for the potential endogeneity of the cohesion variable. The sectoral approach allows us to as…
Distance Measures for Portfolio Selection
2017
The classical Markowitz approach to the portfolio selection problem (PSP) consists of selecting the portfolio that minimises the return variance for a given level of expected return. By solving the problem for different values of this expected return we obtain the Pareto efficient frontier, which is composed of non-dominated portfolios. The final user has to discriminate amongst these points by resorting to an external criterion in order to decide which portfolio to invest in. We propose to define an external portfolio that corresponds to a desired criterion, and to assess its distance from the Markowitz frontier in market allowing for short-sellings or not. We show that this distance is ab…
Principled Governance: Politics to the People
2022
An influential narrative claims that the erosion of the modern nation state is causing a historical shift from «government» to «governance». Society-centred new modes of governance are displacing state-centric tools of government. Shaped by bottom-up pressures, these changes are in the process of engendering a more democratic and functionally differentiated type of agency – the Networked Polity. The paper challenges this narrative. It claims that extant governance networks are merely means for co-opting specific societal actors. For, the societal actors operating within those networks are given much reduced powers than the ones conceded to them in the past by declining neo-corporate arrange…
Saggio introduttivo. Le ragioni, gli esiti e le attuali criticità del Reddito di Cittadinanza
2022
Il saggio evidenzia le principali criticità e i punti di forza della misura di contrasto alle povertà. In esso l'autrice descrive le recenti indicazioni che l'Unione Europea ha fornito e segnala gli elementi di novità nell'erogazione del reddito di cittadinanza in Italia e i primi risultati ottenuti. The essay highlights the main critical points and strengths of the measure to combat poverty. In it, the author describes the recent indications that the European Union has provided and reports the elements of novelty in the provision of citizenship income in Italy and the first results obtained
Consultare per valutare
2020
Questo capitolo esamina la consultazione all'interno del processo di policy, presentandone le caratteristiche generali. Vengono trattate nello specifico alcune tecniche di consultazione, evidenziando per ciascuna di esse i punti di forza e di debolezza definiti anche sulla base degli obiettivi conoscitivi che ci si propone di raggiungere e indicando un percorso alquanto pragmatico e operativo. This chapter examines the consultation within the policy process, presenting its general characteristics. Specific consultation techniques are dealt with, highlighting for each of them the strengths and weaknesses defined also on the basis of the cognitive objectives that we intend to achieve and indi…
It takes two to tango
2003
Abstract In most taxa, females are more likely than males to care for offspring. Why? Ever since Trivers' landmark work, the answer has been traced back to sexual differences in pre-mating reproductive investment (unequal gamete size or anisogamy). However, recent work shows that parental investment theory has inadvertently ignored a profoundly simple fact of life: every offspring has a mother and father. Taking this into account completely changes how we should think about sex differences in parental care.
Multi-spectral mapping of in vivo skin hemoglobin and melanin
2010
The multi-spectral imaging technique has been used for distant mapping of in-vivo skin chromophores by analyzing spectral data at each reflected image pixel and constructing 2-D maps of the relative concentrations of oxy-/deoxyhemoglobin and melanin. Instead of using a broad visible-NIR spectral range, this study focuses on narrowed spectral band 500-700 nm, so speeding-up the signal processing procedure. Regression analysis confirmed that superposition of three Gaussians is optimal analytic approximation for the oxy-hemoglobin absorption tabular spectrum in this spectral band, while superposition of two Gaussians fits well for deoxy-hemoglobin absorption and exponential function - for mela…