Search results for "RULE"

Expression levels of a filament-specific transcriptional regulator are sufficient to determine Candida albicans morphology and virulence

2009

Candida albicans , the major human fungal pathogen, undergoes a reversible morphological transition from single yeast cells to pseudohyphal and hyphal filaments (elongated cells attached end-to-end). Because typical C. albicans infections contain a mixture of these morphologies it has, for many years, been difficult to assess the relative contribution of each form to virulence. In addition, the regulatory mechanisms that determine growth in pseudohyphal and hyphal morphologies are largely unknown. To address these questions we have generated a C. albicans strain that can be genetically manipulated to grow completely in the hyphal form under non-filament-inducing conditions in vitro. This w…

Genome-wide analysis of factors regulating gene expression in liver

2007

In recent decades, multiple individual genes have been studied with respect to their level of expression in liver tissue and in many cases substantial progress has been made in identifying individual factors promoting gene expression in liver. However, the overall picture is still undefined and general rules or factors regulating gene expression in liver have not yet been established. Thus, a genome-wide screen for factors regulating gene expression in liver is of high interest, as it may reveal common regulatory mechanisms for most genes highly expressed in liver. These factors represent potential new targets in liver disease associated with differential gene expression. Using a novel bioi…

Sea urchin neural alpha 2 tubulin gene: isolation and promoter analysis

2004

Abstract Expression of Tα2 gene, during sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus development, is spatially and temporally regulated. In order to characterize this gene, we isolated the relevant genomic sequences and scanned the isolated 5 ′ -flanking region in searching for cis -regulatory elements required for proper expression. Gel mobility shift and footprinting assays, as well as reporter gene (CAT and β-gal) expression assays, were used to address cis -regulatory elements involved in regulation. Here we report that an upstream 5 ′ -flanking fragment of PlTα2 gene drives temporal expression of reporter genes congruent with that of endogenous Tα2 gene. The fragment contains cis -elements able to…

The yopJ locus is required for Yersinia-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and cytokine expression: YopJ contains a eukaryotic SH2-like doma…

1998

Upon exposure to bacteria, eukaryotic cells activate signalling pathways that result in the increased expression of several defence-related genes. Here, we report that the yopJ locus of the enteropathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis encodes a protein that inhibits the activation of NF-kappaB transcription factors by a mechanism(s), which prevents the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of the inhibitor protein IkappaB. Consequently, eukaryotic cells infected with YopJ-expressing Yersinia become impaired in NF-kappaB-dependent cytokine expression. In addition, the blockage of inducible cytokine production coincides with yopJ-dependent induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, the YopJ pr…

Helicobacter pylori gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and vacuolating cytotoxin promote gastric persistence and immune tolerance

2013

Infection with the gastric bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori is typically contracted in early childhood and often persists for decades. The immunomodulatory properties of H. pylori that allow it to colonize humans persistently are believed to also account for H. pylori ’s protective effects against allergic and chronic inflammatory diseases. H. pylori infection efficiently reprograms dendritic cells (DCs) toward a tolerogenic phenotype and induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) with highly suppressive activity in models of allergen-induced asthma. We show here that two H. pylori virulence determinants, the γ-glutamyl transpeptidase GGT and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA, contribute critic…

Application of graph grammars in music composing systems

1987

Trend Following with Momentum Versus Moving Average: A Tale of Differences

2018

Despite the ever-growing interest in trend following and a series of publications in academic journals, there is still a great shortage of theoretical results on the properties of trend following rules. Our paper fills this gap by comparing and contrasting the two most popular trend following rules, the Momentum (MOM) and Moving Average (MA) rules, from a theoretical perspective. Our approach is based on the return-based formulation of trading rules and modelling the price trends by an autoregressive return process. We provide theoretical results on the similarity between various trend following rules and the forecast accuracy of trading rules. Our results show that the similarity between t…

Origin of SiO2-rich components in ordinary chondrites

2006

Abstract Silica-rich objects are common minor components in ordinary chondrites (OC), occurring as fragments and as chondrules. Their typical paragenesis is orthopyroxene + SiO 2 (with bulk SiO 2 >65 wt%) and occasionally with additional olivine and/or spinel. Individual silica-rich components (SRC) have previously been studied in various types of OCs, although there is only one comprehensive study of these objects by Brigham et al. [Brigham, C.A., Murrell, M.T., Yabuki, H., Ouyang, Z., El Goresy, A., 1986. Silica-bearing chondrules and clasts in ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 1655–1666]. Several different explanations of how SRCs formed have been published. The main ques…

Life-history trade-offs in a generalist digenean from cetaceans: the role of host specificity and environmental factors

2015

Background Adults and larvae of generalist parasites are exposed to diverse hosts and local environmental conditions throughout their life cycles, thus local adaptation is expected to occur through phenotypic plasticity and/or natural selection. We investigated how the combined effect of cryptic host specificity and local selective pressures could shape reproductive traits of a putative generalist parasite in the oceanic realm. Methods The LSU rDNA, ITS2 and the mt-COI of individuals of the digenean Pholeter gastrophilus (Kossack, 1910) Odhner, 1914 (Heterophyidae Leiper, 1909) from oceanic striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba Meyen, and coastal bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus Mo…

Helminths from the digestive tract of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the western Mediterranean: infection patterns within a long-term…

2015

0.1. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL 0.1.1. DIVERSIDAD Los cetáceos albergan una fauna específica de parásitos de transmisión trófica que incluye digeneos, cestodos, nematodos y acantocéfalos (Aznar et al., 2001; Raga et al., 2009). Dentro de los digeneos se han citado unas 40 especies pertenecientes a cuatro familias (Heterophyidae, Brauninidae, Notocotylidae y Brachycladiidae), la mayoría encontradas en el tracto digestivo de cetáceos, aunque algunas especies también parasitan los senos aéreos y los pulmones (Raga et al., 2009). Además, se han citado tres familias de cestodos (Tetrabothriidae, Diphyllobothriidae y Phyllobothriidae) que incluyen unas 30 especies (Aznar et al., 2001; Raga et al., 2009…