Search results for "Raw material"
showing 10 items of 204 documents
Overview and Essentials of Biomass Gasification Technologies and Their Catalytic Cleaning Methods
2016
Obtaining a tar-free biosyngas from biomass gasification processes has been the subject of many studies in the past 2 decades, and it still remains the major technologic and economic challenge. Unfortunately, the countless publications about gasification technologies and different techniques permitting reduction of the tar present at the outlet of gasifier reactors usually confuse inexperienced persons who attempt to further research this subject. More than presenting the basis of biomass gasification technologies and positioning them among other bioenergies, this work mainly aims at reviewing and comparing the different methods developed in order to produce a tar-free biosyngas. In this wa…
A simulation tool for ion exchange membrane crystallization of magnesium hydroxide from waste brine
2021
Abstract Increasing attention is nowadays paid to the management and valorisation of industrial waste brines aiming also at the recovery of raw materials. Magnesium has been listed as a Critical Raw Material by EU, prompting researchers to investigate novel routes for its recovery. Within this framework, a novel Crystallizer with Ion Exchange Membrane (CrIEM), is proposed as an innovative way to recover magnesium from industrial waste brines exploiting low-cost alkaline reactants. In the present work, a novel mathematical model of the CrIEM process is proposed to provide a useful tool for its design in different working conditions. Batch and feed & bleed continuous configurations have been …
Influence of Elevated Pressure on the Torrefaction of Wood
2016
The use of pressurized reactors in industrial processes can improve efficiency and economics. Torrefaction is a partial pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass designed to result in a solid product with improved fuel properties for utilization in combustion and gasification. In this work, the influence of elevated pressure on the torrefaction of wood has been investigated. Wood samples were torrefied using a pressurized thermogravimetric reactor (PTGR) with pressures of 0.1 to 2.1 MPa. The results indicate that reactor pressure, particle size of feedstock, and wood species are all factors in torrefaction yield improvements. Torrefaction at 2.1 MPa pressure improved the higher heating value (ca…
Sterol oxidation in ready-to-eat infant foods during storage.
2008
The effect of storage on sterol oxidation of ready-to-eat infant foods was evaluated. Two different flavor (honey -LH- or fruits-LF-) liquid infant foods, prepared with milk and cereals, were stored for 0, 2, 4, 7 and 9 months, at 25ºC. Sterol oxidation products (SOP) were extracted by cold saponification, purified by silica solid-phase and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. -sitosterol was the most representative sterol, followed by cholesterol and campesterol. No significant differences in the total and single SOP content (0.8-1 mg/kg of product) were observed with respect to storage time and type of sample; the main SOP found was 7-ketositosterol (< …
Identifying a marine microalgae with high carbohydrate productivities under stress and potential for efficient flocculation
2018
Microalgal biomass represents a potential third generation feedstock that could be utilised as a source of carbohydrates for fermentative production of a range of platform biochemicals. Identifying microalgal strains with high biomass and carbohydrate productivities while also being amenable to downstream processes is key in improving the feasibility of these processes. Utilising marine microalgae capable of growing in seawater will decrease reliance on freshwater resources and improve the sustainability of production. This study screened several marine microalgae believed to accumulate carbohydrates to find new high performing strains. Four strains had high growth rates and accumulated car…
Initial indicator analysis of bioethylen production pathways
2018
Abstract Circular economy and bioeconomy factors has driven the economy sectors towards sustainable choices. Chemical industry, as stated by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, has a potential to reduce 36 % of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 [1] mainly linked with introduction of emerging energy technologies. Ethylene, chlorine, ammonia and hydrogen are important chemicals for such reduction as they are the most worldwide produced chemicals (16 % of the total production in 2050 for ethylene, 11 % for chlorine and 6 % for ammonia). Meanwhile planned GHG reduction potential for these chemicals, through introduction of compression and separation technologies, is e…
In-situ measurements of hemp-lime insulation materials for energy efficiency improvement
2018
Abstract Reduction of the CO2 emissions in the atmosphere is one of the goals set forth by the European Union, hence various directives have been adopted, such as the European directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency, i.e. ensuring from 2019 the construction of the near-zero energy buildings (nZEB). The construction segment plays a very important part in solving the current global problem of the greenhouse gas emissions and related processes of global warming, because in certain countries (i.e. in Latvia) it represents more than a half of the total energy consumption. Hence the necessity to elaborate means on how to boost the energy efficiency of the buildings meanwhile not rising pressure…
Negotiation Processes as Success Factors in Supply Chain Transactions
2017
The topics raw materials, waste and energy will be the top economic issues of the future, or influence and affect all other subjects (human resources, culture, society,...); all combined with technology, IT and Tech Communication. The shortage of raw materials is one of the central issues in the future perspective and this fact is already influencing the relationship between buyer, producer and supplier. and producers respect to the procurement of raw materials, goods and products are examined specifically in terms of their economic and psychological satisfaction.
Electro-conversion as sustainable method for the fine chemical production from the biopolymer lignin
2018
Lignin, one of the most abundant polymers in nature, qualifies itself by the polyphenolic structure as potential renewable feedstock for the production of bio-based aromatic fine chemicals. However, the natural complexity and degradation stability of lignin make the depolymerization a highly challenging task. Several efforts have been pursued for the selective degradation of the biopolymer into suitable compounds. However, there are only a few technical approaches for the degradation of lignin to aromatic fine chemicals. Organic electrosynthesis is the synthetic method that enables the direct use of electricity for the production of valuable compounds. Moreover, electro-organic synthesis re…
EXTRACTION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPONENTS FROM FRESHWATER SAPROPEL
2019
Sapropel has been used for different purposes - in agriculture as fertilizer, in construction as building material, in cosmetic products, in balneology also in medicine and pharmaceuticals as bioactive component. Previously sapropel has been commonly used in raw form and there is no general accepted method or standard method for obtaining sapropel extract. However, most extraction methods follow the same path. Currently, there are few extraction methods using several extractants for obtaining bioactive components from raw sapropel. The most commonly used extractant is alkaline solution. When sapropel is subjected to alkaline environment, the humic and fulvic acids, together with some lipids…