Search results for "Redistribution"

A Self-Funding Reward Mechanism for Tax Compliance

2015

We compare in a laboratory experiment two audit-based tax compliance mechanisms that collect fines from those found non-compliant. The mechanisms differ in the way fines are redistributed to individuals who were either not audited or audited and found to be compliant. The first, as is the case in most extant tax systems, does not discriminate between the un-audited and those found compliant. The second targets the redistribution in favor of those found compliant. We find that targeting increases compliance when paying taxes generates a social return. We do not find any increase in compliance in a control treatment where individuals audited and found compliant receive symbolic rewards. It is…

2017

Abstract. Deep convection is an efficient mechanism for vertical trace gas transport from Earth's surface to the upper troposphere (UT). The convective redistribution of short-lived trace gases emitted at the surface typically results in a C-shaped profile. This redistribution mechanism can impact photochemical processes, e.g. ozone and radical production in the UT on a large scale due to the generally longer lifetimes of species like formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are important HOx precursors (HOx =  OH + HO2 radicals). Due to the solubility of HCHO and H2O2 their transport may be suppressed as they are efficiently removed by wet deposition. Here we present a case …

A Theoretical Study of the Wet Removal of Atmospheric Pollutants. Part III: The Uptake, Redistribution, and Deposition of (NH4)2SO4Particles by a Con…

1988

Abstract Our model for the scavenging of aerosol particles has been coupled with the two-dimensional form of the convective cloud model of Clark and Collaborators. The combined model was then used to simulate a convective warm cloud for the meteorological situation which existed at 1100 LST 12 July 1985 over Hawaii; assuming an aerosol size distribution of maritime number concentration and of mixed composition with (NH4)2SO4 as the soluble compound. A shallow model cloud developed 26 min after the onset of convection leading to moderate rain which began after 45 min and ended after 60 min. Various parameters which characterize the dynamics and micophysics of the cloud, as well as the scaven…

Hybrid DFT calculations of theFcenters in cubic ABO3perovskites

2008

We employed the hybrid DFT-LCAO approach as implemented in the CRYSTAL code for 135 atom supercell calculations of O vacancies with trapped electrons (known as the F centers) in three cubic perovskite crystals: SrTiO3, PbTiO3 and PbZrO3. The local lattice relaxation, charge redistribution and defect energy levels in the optical gap are compared. We demonstrate how difference in a chemical composition of host materials leads to quite different defect properties.

Commodity Tax Competition and Industry Location Under the Destination- and the Origin-Principle

2007

We develop a model of commodity tax competition with monopolistically competitive internationally mobile firms, transport costs, and asymmetric country sizes. We investigate the impacts of non-cooperative tax setting, as well as of tax harmonization and changes in the tax principle, in both the short and the long run. The origin principle, when compared to the destination principle, is shown to exacerbate tax competition and to erode tax revenues, yet leads to a more equal spatial distribution of economic activity. This suggests that federations which care about spatial inequality, like the European Union, face a non-trivial choice for their tax principle that goes beyond the standard consi…

Dialkyl(butadiene)cyclopentadienylmolybdenum(III) Complexes. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity

2000

International audience; Treatment of CpMo(η4-diene)Cl2 (diene = 1,3-butadiene, C4H6, 1‘; isoprene, C5H8, 1‘ ‘; 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, C6H10, 1‘ ‘) in diethyl ether at low temperature with 2 equiv of alkylmagnesium RMgX reagents affords the corresponding dialkyl complexes CpMo(η4-1,3-diene)R2 (2, 2‘, 2‘ ‘, R = CH3, a; CH2Ph, b; CH2SiMe3, c). These species are isolable in moderate yields and have been fully characterized by EPR, elemental analyses, and cyclic voltammetry. They all show a reversible reduction process at relatively low potentials and an irreversible oxidation. The structure of 2‘ ‘a was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The mixed complex CpMo(η4-C4H6)Cl(CH3), …

Implementing a Negative Income Tax. Net Cost, Poverty and Inequality Effects

2019

The main aim of this paper is to propose a financially viable alternative to the current Spanish system of social protection: A Negative Income Tax (NIT) unifying in a single mechanism the system of public benefits and income tax. We analyse the main characteristics of the NIT and simulate several NIT proposals for Spain, using the Living Conditions Survey. These proposals are distinct in that they do not suppose an additional cost in the tax-benefit system. The results of our simulations indicate a radical improvement in the indicators of poverty and inequality, especially extreme poverty, and also a redistribution of income from the elderly to families with children.

Redistribution, selection, and trade

2017

Abstract This paper examines the distributional effects of international trade in a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents and a welfare state redistributing income. The redistribution scheme is financed by a progressive income tax and gives the same absolute transfer to all individuals. Ceteris paribus, international trade leads to an increase in income per capita but also to higher income inequality on two fronts. Inter-group inequality between managers and workers increases, and intra-group inequality within the group of managers goes up as well. We show that for a given tax rate, there is an endogenous increase in the size of the welfare state that works against the increas…

Can stability of foreign aid agreement reduce global income inequality?

2017

Abstract Global initiatives on debt relief call for increasing foreign aid assistance to alleviate income inequality. But the potential gains from foreign aid policy coordination may be limited by the willing participation of diverse and self-interested donor countries. If stability of the foreign aid agreement does not occur, then aid effectiveness fails. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of the stability of foreign aid agreement on income redistribution amongst countries. The findings show that stability has positive effects on income mobility from the rich to the poorest countries reducing global income inequality.

The adhesion nature of the Ag/MgO(100) interface: an ab initio study

1998

The atomic and electronic structure of the Ag/MgO(100) interface are calculated by means of the ab initio Hartree-Fock approach combined with a supercell model. The electronic density distribution and the interface binding energy/distance are analyzed for different Ag adsorption positions, slabs of different thicknesses and varying Ag surface coverage. It is demonstrated that the adhesion energy arises mainly due to the electrostatic interaction of substrate atoms with a complicated charge redistribution in the metal layer(s), characterized by large quadrupole moments as well as electron density redistribution towards bridge and hollow positions between the nearest and next-nearest Ag atoms…