Search results for "SOCIOLOGIE"
showing 10 items of 203 documents
Introduction. Des agents publics, des usagers et des réformes Lorsque la rationalisation gestionnaire conduit au tri des bénéficiaires
2022
Ce dossier examine l'influence de la « nouvelle gestion publique » sur le travail de sélection des usagers dans les services publics. Les contributions réunies et la présente introduction traitent cet enjeu sous l'angle de la sociologie des groupes professionnels, afin de répondre à l'interrogation suivante : dans quelle mesure les réactions individuelles et collectives des agents des services publics participent-elles à une éviction de certains usagers ? Nous souhaitons explorer dans ce numéro cet aspect particulier des effets de la nouvelle gestion publique (NGP) en tenant de front l'analyse des effets sur le travail des agents et les conséquences sur les usagers. Pour cela, nous nous att…
Signaux qualitatifs et phénomène de star
2000
The superstar phenomenon describes a situation wherein few artists dominate the activity in which they engage and earn significant amounts of money. Most of models, trying to explain this phenomenon, take place clearly on the product market where artists provide ultimate and consumers. We adopt here a different approach by taking place on the labour market regrouping artists (whose the services are production factors) and employers (the producers of cultural products) and we demonstrate that die strategies, consisting in minimizing search costs under contraint of quality maximisation, can work towards explaining the emergence of a very unequal distribution of artistic incomes. In order to m…
Accumulation and destruction of the trust ? : Popperian inspiration plan
2000
When, following other social sciences, economists address the mechanism of trust, they typically focus on the search of a justification or a foundation for trusting, the implicit starting point of the process they have in mind being zero trust, or distrust. By contrast, the present paper, inspired by the philosophy of Popper, suggests, as a starting point for trust, an individual decision associated with what Popper calls a conjecture - that is, a kind of theory - on how the individual (potentially) trusted "functions". The conjecture requires no justification but only the test of its implications. In turn, the decision to trust or to distrust does not reflect in a mechanical or passive way…
From imprecise actions to imprecise preference modelling : the case of non orders
1996
This study deals with imprecise preference modelling. It is based on a set of vague actions on which choices are operated by actors whose discriminating power is not precise. Indeed, the information being imprecise, the actors have but limited and relatively indeterminate knowledge of the basis of their preferences. This results in vague preferences the expression of which are the structures of imprecise preference (imprecise non orders) and the particular ones of relatively indeterminate preference (relatively indeterminate non orders). The shift from the former structures to the latter corresponds to a process of preference maturation and decision structuration inspite of an imprecise con…
The foundations of the new theories in health economics
1997
In health economics, theoretic approaches such as the theory of contracts, the economy of conventions, the theory of transaction costs and the evolutionary theory, have been applied recently. The present paper offers a classification of these different theories focusing on their epistemological foundations. The clarification of their assumptions about individual rationality (substantial or procedural rationality), about coordination modality (by inter-individual contracts or collective rules), about uncertainty (probabilistic risk or cognitive uncertainty), shows oppositions between these theories. Nevertheless, the application of these different theories in health economics shows that they…
Transitioning towards a Sustainable Wellbeing Economy—Implications for Rural–Urban Relations
2021
This article focuses on the question of how a shift from a narrow economic perspective to a wider sustainable wellbeing focus in regional development strategies and actions might change rural–urban relations. A brief review of relevant research and discourses about economic development models provides the foundation for the analysis. The review leads to the development of an analytical framework that puts the notion of sustainable wellbeing at its center. The criteria included in the analytical framework are then used to assess the current situation, challenges and perceived ways forward based on data and analyses from 11 European regions. The focus of the analysis is on different exp…
Génération 3.0: enfants et ados à l'ère des cultures numérisées
2016
International audience; Si Internet et les Nouvelles Technologies cultivaient naturellement les jeunes, cela se saurait ! Et que tout le savoir et toute la connaissance soient désormais accessibles en quelques clics ne signifie pas que tout le monde en profite équitablement. L'écriture de ces pages est partie de cet écart entre les attentes parentales vis à vis du Net, et les pratiques réelles d'une jeunesse hyper-connectée. L'auteur analyse la manière dont la jeunesse a (sur-)investi les univers numériques, pour le meilleur et pour le pire. Il explique qu'une utilisation optimale des ressources culturelles de la Toile dépend en grande partie de l'environnement, mais aussi des « stratégies …
Externalités d'informations et évolution des villes
1999
Present-day city growth is chiefly the result of new tertiary activities such as financial and producer services, R&D, or business administration. These activities consume human capital, knowledge and high-tech capital, which are all rapidly changing inputs; they are based on complex decision-making processes; this renders them highly information-dependent. Inasmuch as these activities are the main key to understanding the city, information must play a leading role in understanding urban forms. The concentration of these activities in cities appears paradoxical in the era of information. They are agglomerated because of their need of proximity for exchanging information. But information can…
On the emergence of the urban phenomenon. Part I
2001
In this paper we develop a relatively simple but general model describing the formation of urban agglomerations in a pre-industrial setting. Rural agglomeration on a local scale arises from the multiplication and specialization of intermediate goods and labor services, while dispersion is due to the commuting costs of agricultural workers. Urban agglomeration on a more global scale stems from the trade-off between increasing returns to scale and transport costs of goods. We derive a general equilibrium model of the formation of urban structures and show how population growth, strict indivisibilities and structural changes in the production sector can modify quantitatively and qualitatively …
From equilibrium to chaos and back : methodological evaluation of research of the majority rule
2000
According to the canonical model situated at the heart of the " economic " - or, as the political scientists prefer to call it, rational-choice - theory of (democratic) politics, whenever the matter to be decided raises, or consists of, at least two distinct issues, it is generally impossible to reach a determinate decision by using the majority rule. This problem, referred to as that of disequilibrium, equilibrium instability, or even"chaos", was first underplayed and then deemed ominous to the point of seriously undermining the development prospects of the whole theory. However, more recently, the concern it was the source o f until the 1980s has given way to a state of renewed confidence…