Search results for "SWIMMING"
showing 10 items of 174 documents
Effect of Pool Length on Blood Lactate, Heart Rate, and Velocity in Swimming
2006
Exercise testing in water has been used to follow the progression of conditioning during regular training in swimmers. The present study examined the effects of pool length in eleven male swimmers on a set of 5 x 200-m freestyle swims with increasing speed from submaximal to maximal. Mean velocity of swimming, blood lactate and heart rate were examined in both 25-m and 50-m pools. Turning benefit as a marker for turning skill was measured separately by a underwater video system (speed difference between pre- and post-turning) during short all-out swims. Maximum force during swimming was measured in tethered swimming and explosive strength of leg extensor muscles was evaluated by a counter m…
Protection effect of endurance training against reoxygenation-induced injuries in rat heart
1990
Endurance training by swimming (219-229 h) resulted in a significant protection against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injuries in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. The protection was manifested as improved flow characteristics and a smaller release of creatine kinase into the perfusate. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was lower in the trained than in the respective control hearts. The trained hearts also showed a lower reoxygenation-induced increase in TBARS. The myocardium of the right ventricle and that of the left subepimyocardium were the most affected by reoxygenation. The swimming program induced a decrease in the activities of catalase and glutath…
Behaviour of salivary testosterone and cortisol in men during an Ironman Triathlon
2021
Endurance exercise induces notable acute hormonal responses on the gonadal and adrenal hormones. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in salivary testosterone (Ts), salivary cortisol (Cs) and T/C ratio during long-distance triathlon. Ten well-trained male triathletes participated in the study and were assessed for hormonal changes at four time-points (pre-competition, post-swimming, post-cycling, and post-running phases). Ts decreased from pre-competition to post-swimming (from 93.37 pg/mL to 57.63 pg/mL; p < .01) and increased during two other parts of the competition to almost pre-competition values (cycling: 79.20 pg/mL, p = .02; running: 89,66 pg/mL, p = .04, respectively…
Sex differences in nucleus accumbens transcriptome profiles associated with susceptibility versus resilience to subchronic variable stress
2015
Depression and anxiety disorders are more prevalent in females, but the majority of research in animal models, the first step in finding new treatments, has focused predominantly on males. Here we report that exposure to subchronic variable stress (SCVS) induces depression-associated behaviors in female mice, whereas males are resilient as they do not develop these behavioral abnormalities. In concert with these different behavioral responses, transcriptional analysis of nucleus accumbens (NAc), a major brain reward region, by use of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed markedly different patterns of stress regulation of gene expression between the sexes. Among the genes displaying sex differe…
Does increased serum creatine kinase activity reflect exercise-induced muscle damage in rats?
1995
To test a hypothesis that exercise-induced increase in serum creatine kinase activity and the concomitant necrotic muscle damage in unaccustomed rats may be interrelated phenomena, and that the first might largely be caused by changes in lymph flow, groups of rats were separately exposed to a swimming, combination of swimming and running, and running protocol. Their serum was then repeatedly analysed over a period of 72 h for creatine kinase activity, and their soleus and the red parts of quadriceps femoris muscles for beta-glucuronidase activity (damage marker) 72 h after the commencement of the experiment, i.e. at a moment when muscle damage is in the necrotic phase. The results clearly s…
The cadence and water temperature effect on physiological responses during water cycling
2013
The aim of the study was to compare the maximal physiological responses during three protocols: maximal test on land cycle ergometer, maximal test on water cycling in an indoor pool at 27 °C (WC27) and at 31 °C (WC31). Moreover, the submaximal physiological responses were compared according cycling cadences and water temperatures during the water protocols. Ten young men were included and performed the protocols in separate days. Blood lactate (BL) concentration, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE) and thermal comfort (TC) were collected during the exercise. The maximal HR and VO2 showed no significant differences between the protocols: HRmax: 189 ± 7 (Land), 188 ± 14 (WC…
Effects of endurance training on alkaline protease activities in rat skeletal muscles.
1983
This study aimed at comparing the effects of running and swimming training protocols and the termination of training on the activities of two proteases with alkaline pH-optima (alkaline protease and myofibrillar protease) in the tibialis anterior, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscles of male rats. The training on treadmill decreased the activities of alkaline and myofibrillar proteases by approx. 10-20% in the muscles studied. The activities of both proteases were unchanged in swimming-trained rats. Two weeks after the termination of running training the activity of alkaline protease was increased in gastrocnemius muscle but not in the other muscles. Swimming training increased the activity of…
Serum hormone concentrations during prolonged training in elite endurance-trained and strength-trained athletes.
1989
A study of 1 year was performed on nine elite endurance-trained athletes (swimmers) and on eight elite strength-trained athletes (weightlifters) in order to examine the effects of training on the endocrine responses and on physical performance capacity. The measurements for the determination of serum hormone concentrations were performed at about 4-month intervals during the course of the year. The primary findings demonstrated that during the first and most intensive training period of the year in preparing for the primary competitions similar but statistically insignificant changes were observed in the concentrations of serum testosterone, free testosterone and cortisol in both the endura…
Protein synthesis and cyclic GMP content in rat cardiac muscle after swimming exercise
1988
Rats were exercised for 6 h by swimming. Phenylalanine incorporation into myocardial proteins was increased when 2 h had elapsed after the termination of exercise. Cyclic GMP concentration did not change during the experiment, which indicates that cyclic GMP does not act directly as a trigger of myocardial protein synthesis in volume overload.
Maintenance of aquatic training-induced benefits on mobility and lower-extremity muscles among persons with unilateral knee replacement.
2011
Abstract Valtonen A, Poyhonen T, Sipila S, Heinonen A. Maintenance of aquatic training-induced benefits on mobility and lower-extremity muscles among persons with unilateral knee replacement. Objective To evaluate the maintenance of observed aquatic training-induced benefits at 12-month follow-up. Design Twelve-month follow-up of a randomized controlled study. Setting Research laboratory and hospital rehabilitation pool. Participants Population-based sample of 55 to 75-year-old women and men 4 to 18 months (on average 10mo) after unilateral knee replacement. Fifty people were willing to participate in the exercise trial and 42 people in the follow-up study. Intervention Twelve-month follow-…