Search results for "Soil"

Comparison of different tillage systems in organic farming : effect of soil structure and organic matter repartition on soil micro-organisms and thei…

2009

Over the last decades, the surface traditionally ploughed has tended to decrease and replaced by shallow working tillage techniques without soil inversion, i.e., no tillage or reduced tillage with tines or discs. These techniques were mostly developed in conventional farming systems but nowadays they are also developed in organic farming systems. Nevertheless, these tillage techniques could generate crop nutrients deficiencies and a deterioration of soil structure, especially during the first years of their application. As the use of synthetic fertilizers is forbidden in organic farming, a decrease of the soil fertility could be very detrimental for crop growth. Indeed, soil micro-organisms…

Scientific studies conducted to understand, improve the soil and increase its yield despite the current unfavorable environmental context.

2022

Exploit biodiversity in viticultural systems to reduce pest damage and pesticide use, and increase ecosystem services provision: the Biovine project

2019

International audience; Organic vineyards still rely on large external inputs to control harmful organisms (i.e., pests). The BIOVINE project aims to develop natural solutions based on plant diversity to control pests and reduce pesticide dependence. The capability of plants of increasing the ecosystem resistance to pests and invasive species is a well-known ecosystem service. However, monocultures (including vineyards) do not exploit the potential of plant diversity. BIOVINE aims to develop new viticultural systems based on increased plant diversity within (e.g., cover crops) and/or around (e.g., hedges, vegetation spots) vineyards by planting selected plant species for the control of arth…

Épisodes pluvieux intenses, érosion des sols et viticulture

2020

Publication de la Chaire UNESCO "Culture et Traditions du Vin" de l'Université de Bourgogne et du Centre Georges Chevrier UMR CNRS/uB 7366.; National audience

Soil Organic Matter in Mediterranean regions

2015

A database for the herbicide use in France

2013

SPEEAEcolDur; International audience

Réduction du nombre de molécules herbicides : conséquences par culture. Problématique particulière de la gestion de la flore adventice

2013

All national and European legislations contribute to the present reduction in the available herbicide number. This evolution leads to the decrease in the number of chemical families and to a dramatic reduction of the number of modes of action in some crops or crop rotations. This could lead to the selection of new herbicide resistances. So we may find contrasted situations: crops weeded with only a few herbicides or some herbicides used in almost all crops. The drastic reduction in the available active ingredients without taking into account the benefit-risk ratio or without planning realistic alternative solutions may create tougher agronomic constraints. A data base built up from all the …

Isoproturon

2010

Frequent use of phenylurea herbicide isoproturon (IPU) in agricultural fields has resulted not only in the contamination of the natural resources including soil and water but also in the adaptation of the soil microflora to its rapid degradation. However, up to now, the mechanisms underlying this microbial adaptation are not well elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore the processes and factors implicated in IPU degradation from the agricultural field to the genes coding for catabolic genes. The study carried out at the experimental field of Epoisses cropped with a winter wheat / barley / rape seed crop rotation indicated that as a result of its periodically repeated use, the soil …

Caractérisation des communautés microbiennes dans les technosols construits pour la restauration des friches industrielles

2012

Increasing soil degradation and its consequences on overall ecosystem services urge for restoration strategies. Construction of Technosols through assemblage of treated soil and industrial wastes is an innovative technology for the restoration of polluted land and re-use of industrial by-products. Recent studies have evidenced that Technosols could support ecosystemic services such as primary production but the knowledge about other soil functions, such as biogeochemical cycling, is limited. Due to the significant contribution of microbial communities to soil functioning, this PhD work was carried out to study the effect of the type of Technosol on microbial communities with a focus on func…

Historique des herbicides en France depuis la seconde guerre mondiale

2012

National audience; Au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale, les herbicides ont joué un rôle important dans la réponse du monde agricole aux besoins alimentaires des populations, notamment grâce aux économies de main-d’œuvre et aux facilités de gestion qu’elles ont permises. Pourtant, aujourd’hui, l’agriculture intensive et productiviste fait l’objet d’une remise en cause du fait de son impact sur l’environnement, en particulier sur les ressources en eau (présence de nitrates, substances actives (SA) phytosanitaires). Face à la réglementation européenne et pour répondre aux préoccupations de l’opinion publique, mais aussi du monde agricole, il a été mis en place en France le Plan Ecophyto…