Search results for "Solid"

Financing of development and the international monetary system

1994

Three categories of developing countries must be distinguished. Of these, one cannot constitute either sufficient domestic savings, or a balance of trade surplus, which would allow it to finance its development. This same category which has no possibility^ to pay back its debts doesn't have a good standing among the borrowing countries, on the international financial market. International organizations don't have sufficient funds to face up tothe needs of these countries. Therefore, the current international monetary system is not favorable to these countries. Consequently, a reform of the international monetary system is necessary. This reform should make the study of international liquidi…

HOW DO FISCAL CONSOLIDATION AND FISCAL STIMULI IMPACT ON THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF BUSINESS CYCLES?

2017

Using quarterly data for a panel of advanced economies, we show that synchronized fiscal consolidation (stimulus) programmes in different countries make their business cycles more closely linked. We also find: (i) some evidence of decoupling when an inflation targeting regime is unilaterally adopted; (ii) an increase in business cycle synchronization when countries fix their exchange rates and become members of a monetary union; (iii) a positive effect of bilateral trade on the synchronization of business cycles. Global factors, such as a rise in global risk aversion and uncertainty and a reversal of nonstandard expansionary monetary policy, can also reduce the degree of co-movement of busi…

Fiscal consolidation and income distribution

2016

This working paper attempts to shed light on distributional effects of recent fiscal consolidation policies, mainly through the channel of in-kind public transfers. We look at the distribution of income in 16 EU countries during the recent global financial and economic crisis, and the subsequent period of fiscal consolidation. Experiences in terms of the depth of the recession and the policies implemented to deal with vary greatly across EU countries. We illustrate this diversity, and show how the crisis has accentuated the differences among EU countries, both in income levels and in inequality. The effects of the public sector on household income distribution have traditionally been measur…

Mechanics of invagination and folding: Hybridized instabilities when one soft tissue grows on another

2015

We address the folding induced by differential growth in soft layered solids via an elementary model that consists of a soft growing neo-Hookean elastic layer adhered to a deep elastic substrate. As the layer/substrate modulus ratio is varied from above unity towards zero we find a first transition from supercritical smooth folding followed by cusping of the valleys to direct subcritical cusped folding, then another to supercritical cusped folding. Beyond threshold the high amplitude fold spacing converges to about four layer thicknesses for many modulus ratios. In three dimensions the instability gives rise to a wide variety of morphologies, including almost degenerate zigzag and triple-ju…

El aprendizaje servicio: una experiencia de participación y compromiso

2011

El Aprendizaje Servicio es una metodología innovadora que integra el servicio a la comunidad con el aprendizaje de contenidos, habilidades y valores. Desde el aprendizaje servicio se vincula la enseñanza a la vida misma, abriendo las puertas de la escuela a la comunidad. Se trata de aprender ayudando y de ayudar mientras se aprende. Este aprendizaje puesto en práctica tiene unos fines solidarios que a su vez mejoran la calidad de vida de la comunidad. Service Learning is an innovative methodology that integrates service to the community with the learning of content, skills and values. From service learning, teaching is linked to life itself, opening the doors of the school to the community.…

3D fractional viscoelasticity with applications to structural engineering

Apparatus for synthesizing and separating synthesis products e.g. gaseous and liquid phases on bed, maintains heavier liquid phase at lower portion o…

2013

NOVELTY - The apparatus has header that is set to make the heavier and lighter liquid phases flow along outer side surface of a third tube (8) as far as first closure element (13). The third tube is provided with second side openings for directly connecting the first and second meatus. The heavier liquid phase is maintained at lower portion of the first meatus due to gravity and lighter liquid phase is maintained at upper portion of the first meatus until the liquid phases fall into a fourth tube (9). The heavier liquid phase is collectible through a collection hole (12). USE - Apparatus e.g. reactor/separator for synthesizing and separating synthesis products e.g. gaseous phase and heavier…

Review Article: Recommended reading list of early publications on atomic layer deposition - Outcome of the "virtual Project on the History of ALD"

2017

Multinuclear and Solid State NMR of Gels

2020

Over the past six decades, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been an integral part of synthetic organic and organometallic chemistry, as well as biochemistry. Beyond solution state experiments, increasing developments have opened new avenues to study materials in their solid state. Between two extremes (i.e., solution and solid), there exist several other forms of materials, especially soft materials such as gels and liquid crystals. Traditionally gels have been studied using solution state NMR spectroscopic methods. However, the viscosity of complex viscoelastic fluids such as gels affects the molecular tumbling, which in turn affects the chemical shift anisotropy and dipolar and…

Consolidation by Game-Playing: a Gamesmanship Inquiry into Forestry Industry

2006

If one takes a flight in Finland from the country’s capital, Helsinki, for instance, north to Rovaniemi, the ‘Gateway to Lapland’, the scenery below consists typically of lakes, rivers and marshland, but most of all of forests. Wood in all its forms has been for centuries the core of the national character as well as the locomotive of business in Finland. Over the years the Finns have come to understand that the forest sector is perhaps the strongest guarantor of the Finnish economy and identity. The old saying ‘Finland earns its living from its forests’ can even be interpreted to mean ‘what is good for the forest sector is good for Finland’. Lilja, Tainio and Rasanen (1991a) encapsulated t…