Search results for "Stain"
showing 10 items of 5524 documents
Catalytic transesterification of Pistacia chinensis seed oil using HPW immobilized on magnetic composite graphene oxide/cellulose microspheres
2018
Abstract In the present study, magnetic composite graphene oxide/cellulose (GO/CM@Fe3O4) microspheres were prepared as support material, which are cost-efficient, non-toxic and environmental friendly. The microspheres with higher adsorption capacity were further modified using triethylene tetramine (TETA), and H3PW12O40 (HPW) was immobilized to form GO/CM-NH2@Fe3O4-HPW microspheres as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. The novel heterogeneous catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). For the first time, GO/CM-NH2@Fe3O4--HPW was applied in the tr…
Interesterification of rapeseed oil catalyzed by tin octoate
2014
The interesterification of rapeseed oil was performed for the first time by using tin octoate as Lewis acid homogeneous catalysts and methyl or ethyl acetate as acyl acceptors in a batch reactor, within the temperature range 393–483 K. The yields in fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and triacetin (TA) after 20 h of reaction time increased from 8% and 2%–to 61% and 22%, respectively, when the reaction temperature increased from 423 to 483 K. An optimum value of 40 for the acyl acceptor to oil molar ratio was found to be necessary to match good fatty acid alkyl ester yields with high enough reaction rate. The rate of generation of esters was significantly higher when methyl acetate was used as a…
Practice of diesel fuel blends using alternative fuels: A review
2016
Abstract In order to meet the growing global energy requirement, exhaustive research is carried to develop and to use variety of renewable fuels. Concerns on the long-term availability of petroleum diesel and the stringent environmental norms have mandated the search for a renewable alternative to diesel fuel to address these problems. Diesel engines have proven their utility in the transportation, agriculture, and power sectors for small energy needs as a potential source of decentralized energy generation for electrification. Mixing of diesel fuel with biodiesel has been considered as good alternative to diesel in the past couple of years. The objective of the present study is to compare …
Engineering of Active Sites in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Biodiesel Production
2021
A thermo-alkaline lipase from a new thermophileGeobacillus thermodenitrificansAV-5 with potential application in biodiesel production
2015
BACKGROUND A thermophilic lipase-producing Geobacillus thermodenitrificans strain AV-5 was isolated from the Mushroom Spring of Yellowstone National Park in WY, USA and studied as a source of lipase for transesterification of vegetable oils to biodiesel. RESULTS A maximum activity of 330 U mL−1 was produced on 2% (v/v) waste cooking oil at 50 °C, pH 8, aeration rate of 1 vvm and agitation speed of 400 rpm. However, the higher lipase productivity (14.04 U mL−1 h−1) was found at a volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) value of 18.48 h−1. The partially purified lipase had a molecular weight, temperature and pH optimum of 50 kDa, 65 °C and pH 9, respectively, and was thermo-alkali stable…
Ecological Limits to Sustainable Use of Wood Fuels
2018
A theoretical study of a simple analytical model of biomass accumulation to assess conditions of the neutrality of CO2-emissions from burning wood (biomass) is reported. Conditions under sustainability defined with respect to harvesting are shown to satisfy requirements of CO2-neutrality on local scale while burning wood under conditions of shrinking global forest area is not and should be taken into account in the balance of global emissions. Other ecological restraints—conservation of biodiversity in particular, are discussed concerning conditions imposed by the economic system and reflecting on the visions of bio-economy.
Architectural technologies for life environment: biomaterials for an eco-efficient and sustainable architecture.
2020
Bio-based architecture (usually known as green architecture) is a new way of thinking, designing, and building according to innovative ethical, economic and social criteria, aimed at creating a partnership between innovation and low environmental impact. In fact, bio-architectural constructions contemplate the use of advanced materials, often of organic nature, and renewable energy resources. In this sense, it could be interpreted as a new architectural movement that tends to employ new materials essentially derived from natural elements: stone, such as lime, agricultural wastes, such as potato peel, straw, hemp, farming wastes, such as wool, etc.. Wide use is also given to the reuse of ind…