Search results for "Stimulus"

Conditioned orienting (alpha) and delayed behavioral and evoked neural responses during classical conditioning

1989

A differentiation of short-latency (alpha) and long-latency (delayed) classically conditioned behavioral and evoked neural (hippocampal) responses was attempted. Further, facilitation and retardation of these responses were studied in an experimental design in which 10 paired conditioning sessions either preceded (CC-CO group) or followed (CO-CC group) 10 randomly unpaired presentations of conditioned stimuli (CS) and unconditioned stimuli (UCS). A 2024-ms tone (1000 Hz) was delivered directly through a miniature earphone to the left ear, eliciting an orienting head movement ('alpha' response) to the left. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was a direct 1024-ms stimulation of the lateral hypo…

Infants' brain responses for speech sound changes in fast multifeature MMN paradigm.

2013

Abstract Objective We investigated whether newborn speech-sound discrimination can be studied in 40min using fast multifeature mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm and do the results differ from those obtained with the traditional oddball paradigm. Methods Newborns' MMN responses to five types of changes (consonant identity, F0, intensity, vowel duration and vowel identity) were recorded in the multifeature group ( N =15) and vowel duration and vowel identity changes in the oddball group ( N =13), after which the MMNs from both groups were compared with each others. Results Statistically significant MMNs in the 190–600ms time range from the stimulus onset were found for most change types in b…

Does conal prime CANAL more than cinal? Masked phonological priming effects in Spanish with the lexical decision task.

2005

Evidence for an early involvement of phonology in word identification usually relies on the comparison between a target word preceded by a homophonic prime and an orthographic control (rait-RATE vs. raut-RATE). This comparison rests on the assumption that the two control primes are equally orthographically similar to the target. Here, we tested for phonological effects with a masked priming paradigm in which orthographic similarity between priming conditions was perfectly controlled at the letter level and in which identification of the prime was virtually at chance for both stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) (66 and 50 msec). In the key prime-target pairs, each prime differed from the targ…

Green apparel buying behaviour : A Stimulus–Organism–Behaviour–Consequence (SOBC) perspective on sustainability-oriented consumption in Japan

2021

The green apparel literature has previously examined the disparity between consumers' positive purchase intentions and their actual purchase behaviour. This dichotomous behaviour represents the critical ‘intention–behaviour gap’, which marketers must seek to reduce to increase sales of their products. The current study thus seeks to identify the drivers of green apparel purchase behaviour that may potentially mitigate this gap. The proposed conceptual model is grounded in the Stimulus–Organism–Behaviour–Consequence (SOBC) paradigm and is tested through an analysis of cross-sectional data collected from 387 green apparel product consumers in Japan who were sourced through Macromill Inc. The …

2019

Abstract This article contains intensity and aversiveness ratings of electrical stimuli and data on electrodermal activity (skin conductance level and skin conductance response) during an implicit conditioning procedure. Further, answers from a questionnaire on contingency awareness are provided. The experiment consisted of three phases. In the acquisition, two types of visual stimuli (CS+ and CS-) were coupled to weakly and moderately painful electrical stimuli presented to the participants’ (N = 48) dominant hand. In the test phase, after both CS+ and CS- only the weakly painful electrical stimuli were presented. In the contingency test phase, no more electrical stimuli were presented and…

Hilbert-Huang versus Morlet wavelet transformation on mismatch negativity of children in uninterrupted sound paradigm

2008

Background Compared to the waveform or spectrum analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs), time-frequency representation (TFR) has the advantage of revealing the ERPs time and frequency domain information simultaneously. As the human brain could be modeled as a complicated nonlinear system, it is interesting from the view of psychological knowledge to study the performance of the nonlinear and linear time-frequency representation methods for ERP research. In this study Hilbert-Huang transformation (HHT) and Morlet wavelet transformation (MWT) were performed on mismatch negativity (MMN) of children. Participants were 102 children aged 8–16 years. MMN was elicited in a passive oddball parad…

Cognitive avoidance, positive affect, and gender as predictors of the processing of aversive information

2008

Abstract The study investigated the influence of cognitive avoidance, positive affect, and gender on the evaluation of and memory for threat-related information varying in degrees of aversiveness and ambiguity. Stimulus material consisted of threatening, nonthreatening, and ambiguous pictures. First, valence ratings of the stimuli were collected. This phase was followed by a first memory test. A second memory test was administered three days later. Memory for aversive information was influenced by cognitive avoidance, positive affect, and gender. Avoiders exhibited a comparatively good memory for aversive information in the first (immediate) test and a very poor memory in the delayed testin…

Kognitive Prozesse und dynamische Zeitstrukturen. Vorstellung eines Meßgerätes zur Untersuchung der Mikro-Vigilanz-Shift-(MVS-)Hypothese. Cognitive P…

2003

The psychophysiological measuring method for the determination of the auditory order threshold (OT) is steadily gaining in importance, both for the diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders. Observed intraindividual variability of (macro-) vigilance led to the hypothesis of discontinuous cognitive processing in the central nervous system. The base for the variability of microvigilance is hypothesized to be in the phase difference of the alpha rhythm. To test for this hypothesis, we developed an EEG-comparator, which allows for a phase-dependent triggering of external stimuli. In direct comparison with stochastic (i.e. non-phase-dependent) stimulus presentation, the threshold in phase-depe…

2020

Visual attention-related processes include three functional sub-processes: alerting, orienting, and inhibition. We examined these sub-processes using reaction times, event-related potentials (ERPs), and their neuronal source activations during the Attention Network Test (ANT) in control children, attentional problems (AP) children, and reading difficulties (RD) children. During the ANT, electroencephalography was measured using 128 electrodes on three groups of Finnish sixth-graders aged 12-13 years (control = 77; AP = 15; RD = 23). Participants were asked to detect the direction of a middle target fish within a group of five fish. The target stimulus was either preceded by a cue (center, d…

Energy and Personality: A Bridge between Physics and Psychology

2021

[EN] The objective of this paper is to present a mathematical formalism that states a bridge between physics and psychology, concretely between analytical dynamics and personality theory, in order to open new insights in this theory. In this formalism, energy plays a central role. First, the short-term personality dynamics can be measured by the General Factor of Personality (GFP) response to an arbitrary stimulus. This GFP dynamical response is modeled by a stimulus¿response model: an integro-differential equation. The bridge between physics and psychology appears when the stimulus¿response model can be formulated as a linear second order differential equation and, subsequently, reformulat…