Search results for "Stimulus"
showing 10 items of 555 documents
The Effects of Labor and Product Market Reforms: The Role of Macroeconomic Conditions and Policies
2018
The paper estimates the dynamic macroeconomic effects of labor and product market reforms on output, employment and productivity, and explores how these vary with prevailing macroeconomic conditions and policies. We apply a local projection method to a new dataset of major country- and country-sector-level reform shocks in various areas of labor market institutions and product market regulation covering 26 advanced economies over the past four decades. Product market reforms are found to raise productivity and output, but gains materialize only slowly. The impact of labor market reforms is primarily on employment, but it varies across types of reforms and depends on overall business cycle c…
Can fiscal policy stimulus boost economic recovery
2011
We assess the role played by fiscal policy in explaining the dynamics of asset markets. Using a panel of ten industrialized countries, we show that a positive fiscal shock has a negative impact in both stock and housing prices. However, while stock prices immediately adjust to the shock and the effect of fiscal policy is temporary, housing prices gradually and persistently fall. Consequently, the attempts of fiscal policy to mitigate stock price developments (e.g. via taxes on capital gains) may severely de-stabilize housing markets. The empirical findings also point to significant fiscal multiplier effects in the context of severe housing busts, which gives rise to the importance of the im…
Fiscal Policy Discretion, Private Spending, and Crisis Episodes
2011
In this paper, we assess the impact of fiscal policy discretion on economic activity in the short and medium-term. Using a panel of 132 countries from 1960 to 2008, we find that fiscal policy discretion provides a net stimulus to the economy in the short-run and crowding-in effects are amplified once crisis episodes are controlled for– in particular, banking crises - giving a great scope for fiscal policy stimulus packages. However, crowding-out effects take over in the long-run – especially, in the case of debt crises -, in line with the concerns about long-term debt sustainability.
An investigation of the neural circuits underlying reaching and reach-to-grasp movements: from planning to execution
2014
Experimental evidence suggests the existence of a sophisticated brain circuit specifically dedicated to reach-to-grasp planning and execution, both in human and non-human primates (Castiello, 2005). Studies accomplished by means of neuroimaging techniques suggest the hypothesis of a dichotomy between a "reach-to-grasp" circuit, involving the anterior intraparietal area, the dorsal and ventral premotor cortices (PMd and PMv - Castiello and Begliomini, 2008; Filimon, 2010) and a "reaching" circuit involving the medial intraparietal area and the superior parieto-occipital cortex (Culham et al., 2006). However, the time course characterizing the involvement of these regions during the planning …
A Neurocomputational Approach to Trained and Transitive Relations in Equivalence Classes
2017
A stimulus class can be composed of perceptually different but functionally equivalent stimuli. The relations between the stimuli that are grouped in a class can be learned or derived from other stimulus relations. If stimulus A is equivalent to B, and B is equivalent to C, then the equivalence between A and C can be derived without explicit training. In this work we propose, with a neurocomputational model, a basic learning mechanism for the formation of equivalence. We also describe how the relatedness between the members of an equivalence class is developed for both trained and derived stimulus relations. Three classic studies on stimulus equivalence are simulated covering typical and at…
Motor learning and body size within an insect brain computational model
2014
Nowadays modeling insect brains is also an important source of inspiration to develop learning architectures and control algorithms for applications on autonomous walking robots. Within the insect brain two important neuropiles received a lot of attention: the mushroom bodies (MBs) and the central complex (CX). Recent research activities considered the MBs as a unique architecture where different behavioural functions can be found. MBs are well known in bees and flies for their role in performing associative learning and memory in odor conditioning experiments [4]. They are also involved in the processing of multiple sensory modalities including visual tasks [3], different forms of learning…
Panel Summary:Multistimuli and Different Sensory Modalities
1999
Our everyday environment in which we live is characterised by stimuli capable of eliciting our actions (or reactions). Generally our actions are influenced by a number of stimuli which are multimodal.
Neurobiologie und System-Theorie eines visuellen Muster-Erkennungsmechanismus bei Kröten
1973
Quantitative behavioral experiments have shown that the toad uses mainly two types of gestalt information in prey/enemy discrimination: pattern extension in the direction of movement promotes, in general, the signal value prey, while extension perpendicular to the direction of movement promotes that of enemy. Registrations from single fibers and single cells at different stages on the visual path showed that the object extension perpendicular to the direction of movement is chiefly analysed by means of the retinal and thalamus pretectal nerve nets, whereas the extension in the direction of movement is analysed mostly by certain tectal nerve nets. Further neurobiological findings indicated t…
Effects of tetraethylammonium ions on frequency-dependent vasopressin release from the rat neurohypophysis.
1988
1. Isolated rat neurohypophyses were fixed by their stalks to a platinum wire electrode and superfused with oxygenated Krebs-HEPES solution. Vasopressin release into the medium was determined by radioimmunoassay. Vasopressin secretion was increased by electrical stimulation at different frequencies (3-30 Hz) and different train lengths (75-900 pulses). The effects of tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions and of enhanced calcium were tested. 2. Electrical stimulation at 7.5 or 15 Hz evoked a markedly larger release of vasopressin than stimulation at 3 Hz. During continuous stimulation at 7.5 and 15 Hz the evoked vasopressin release per pulse declined rapidly, but with similar time constants for both…
Effect of Light Scattering Simulation in the Eye on Different Color Stimuli Perception
2008
One of the factors which influences visual functions is intraocular light scattering. To assess the effect of light scattering and stimulus color on visual functions, visual acuity and retinal straylight were measured with and without light scattering occluder. For visual acuity measurements black Landolt optotypes on red, green and blue background were used. Retinal straylight was measured with a direct compensation method using the same colors stimuli. For one subject straylight was measured with 5 different light scattering levels of eye occluder.