Search results for "TRADE"
showing 10 items of 1475 documents
An international review on one and two level innovative unconventional intersection and interchange.
2013
The research on road intersection and interchange has recently allowed to design innovative one and two level unconventional layouts (UIIDs) which are of undoubted interest, especially in terms of traffic functionality and safety. The main objective of the paper is to discuss the geometric layouts, the principal advantages and the disadvantages, in terms of cost, safety, performances of the most interesting UIIDs, like two-level signalized intersection (TLSI), single-point urban interchanges (SPUI), center-turn overpass (CTO), echelon interchange (EI), Crossover Diamond interchanges (DCD), Upstream Signalized Crossover Intersection (USC), Median U-turn Intersection (MUT), “Target”, “Flower”…
Multimodal Aposematic Defenses Through the Predation Sequence
2021
Aposematic organisms warn predators of their unprofitability using a combination of defenses, including visual warning signals, startling sounds, noxious odors, or aversive tastes. Using multiple lines of defense can help prey avoid predators by stimulating multiple senses and/or by acting at different stages of predation. We tested the efficacy of three lines of defense (color, smell, taste) during the predation sequence of aposematic wood tiger moths (Arctia plantaginis) using blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) predators. Moths with two hindwing phenotypes (genotypes: WW/Wy = white, yy = yellow) were manipulated to have defense fluid with aversive smell (methoxypyrazines), body tissues with a…
Safety in Numbers: How Color Morph Frequency Affects Predation Risk in an Aposematic Moth
2021
Polymorphic warning signals in aposematic systems are enigmatic because predator learning should favor the most common form, creating positive frequency-dependent survival. However, many populations exhibit variation in warning signals. There are various selective mechanisms that can counter positive frequency-dependent selection and lead to temporal or spatial warning signal diversification. Examining these mechanisms and their effects requires first confirming whether the most common morphs are favored at both local and regional scales. Empirical examples of this are uncommon and often include potentially confounding factors, such as a lack of knowledge of predator identity and behavior. …
Predator-Induced Plasticity on Warning Signal and Larval Life-History Traits of the Aposematic Wood Tiger Moth, Arctia plantaginis
2021
Correction Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Volume 9 Article Number 737651 DOI 10.3389/fevo.2021.737651 Published JUL 29 2021 Predator-induced plasticity in life-history and antipredator traits during the larval period has been extensively studied in organisms with complex life-histories. However, it is unclear whether different levels of predation could induce warning signals in aposematic organisms. Here, we investigated whether predator-simulated handling affects warning coloration and life-history traits in the aposematic wood tiger moth larva, Arctia plantaginis. As juveniles, a larger orange patch on an otherwise black body signifies a more efficient warning signal against predators…
The impact of life stage and pigment source on the evolution of novel warning signal traits
2021
Our understanding of how novel warning color traits evolve in natural populations is largely based on studies of reproductive stages and organisms with endogenously produced pigmentation. In these systems, genetic drift is often required for novel alleles to overcome strong purifying selection stemming from frequency-dependent predation and positive assortative mating. Here, we integrate data from field surveys, predation experiments, population genomics, and phenotypic correlations to explain the origin and maintenance of geographic variation in a diet-based larval pigmentation trait in the redheaded pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei), a pine-feeding hymenopteran. Although our experiments c…
Diversity in warning coloration: selective paradox or the norm?
2019
Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency-dependent learning. However, widespread variation in warning signals is observed across closely related species, populations and, most problematically for evolutionary biologists, among individuals in the same population. Recent research has yielded an increased awareness of this diversity, challenging the paradigm of signal monomorphy in aposematic animals. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis of these disparate lines of investigation, identifying within them three broad classes of explanation for variation in aposematic warning signals: …
Vietu attīstības priekšnosacījumi lauku teritorijās Latvijā
2018
Darba būtība ir rast atbildi uz jautājumu, kā caur vietrades procesu iespējams radīt vietas izjūtu sabiedriski nozīmīgās vietās lauku teritorijās. Atbilde uz jautājumu meklēta gan caur teorētisko analīzi, pētot tādus terminus kā vieta un telpa, vietas izjūta, gan arī apskatot dažādus zīmīgu vietu un vietrades piemērus pasaulē un Latvijā. Darba mērķis ir izstrādāt priekšnosacījumus Sunākstes jeb Vecā Stendera bijušās mācītājmuižas parka teritorijas un citu līdzīgu vietu sekmīgai telpiskai attīstībai lauku teritorijās. Darbā aprakstīti gan notikušie vietrades pasākumi un telpiskās attīstības procesi, gan sniegti priekšlikumi izpētes teritorijas fiziskās un sociālās telpas attīstībai, kā arī i…
Vietrades pieeja pilsētas vides plānošanā
2017
Kā dzīvas būtnes un topogrāfiskus vides elementus mūs vieno atšķirīgais un daudzveidīgais. Taču mūsdienu vides ģeogrāfijas un pārvaldības prakses, ieskaitot pilsētas vides plānošanu un dizainu visos mērogos un virzienos, lielākoties ir aizņemtas ar pretējo – kā efektīvāk realizēt standartu un normatīvu ieviešanu, praktizējot modernismā balstīto universālo noteiktību par vienīgo veidu, kā viss ir izdarāms, kas ilgtermiņā nevienmēr ir sniedzis gaidīto rezultātu. Šādas prakses, realizētas unikālos kontekstos, tiek institucionalizētas un instrumentalizētas kā normatīvi, un nereti fokusē šodien pieejamos un arī no nākotnes aizņemtos resursus tikai un vienīgi uz telpu kā pamata “darba lauku”, kas…
Changing content and form: corporate training in Finnish retailing, 1900–1975
2018
In this paper, I study the history of corporate training in the Finnish retail industry from the beginning to the last quarter of the 20th century. In this effort, I search for answers to questions...
Seeing red? Colour biases of foraging birds are context dependent.
2020
Funder: Suomen Kulttuurirahasto; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003125