Search results for "TRADE"
showing 10 items of 1475 documents
Growth, interleukin-2 production, and responsiveness to IL-2 in T4- positive T Lymphocyte populations from malignant cutaneous T cell lymphoma (Sezar…
1984
Abstract Functional analysis and surface phenotyping using monoclonal antibodies have revealed that malignant T lymphocyte populations in the peripheral blood of patients with Sezary's syndrome resemble the T helper cell populations from normal individuals. In this article we have studied the effects of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) on growth, interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, and the induction of IL-2 responsiveness of peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) from five patients with Sezary's syndrome in vitro, using the lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as stimuli. The following results were obtained: PHA-induced cell proliferat…
Who uses intermediaries in international trade? Evidence from firm-level survey data
2011
The present paper uses data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey conducted in Turkey in 2005 to shed light on the firms which use intermediaries in international trade. It lends robust empirical support to recent theories which suggest that indirect exporters are mostly small firms which are not profitable enough to cover the high fixed costs of building their own distribution network abroad. Manufacturers which introduce entirely new products to foreign markets are more likely to use trade intermediaries, as are firms which produce low quality goods. In contrast, neither foreign ownership nor credit constraints are correlated with the choice of export mode. Moreover, firms which rely on t…
On Subsidies in Trade Agreements
2008
When terms of trade externalities are the only source of cross-border inefficiencies, trade negotiators must negotiate market access only. Based on this principle, Bagwell and Staiger (2006) argue against the WTO subsidy rules. The present paper shows that their argument fails when trade agreements are required to be self-enforceable. By affecting output, subsidies impact the self-enforcement constraints, which, in turn, determine the policies of trade agreements. Consequently, trade agreements must include subsidy rules. In realistic scenarios, banning production subsidies is efficient while negotiating market access only is inefficient. In this sense, this paper makes a strong case for th…
Efficient Diversification of International Investments: The Spanish Point of View
1999
The search for the best investments in a return-risk framework has led the investors to the portfolio diversification. The domestic markets liberalisation and a increasingly financial market integration, have made the investors to exceed the national barriers in order to get the international diversification of their portfolios.
Dinamiche competitive dei principali prodotti ittici in Italia: possibili strategie di intervento
2011
Over the last few years, the Italian fishery sector has showed a tendential reduction in the economic performance because of the contraction of the value of the product, as a result of the fall in the catches and in the production average prices of the main species, and of the growing operational costs. Therefore, the contraction of the National supply is balanced by the imports which, in terms of value in the reference period tested in the current study (2003/04 – 2007/08) have grown, causing a further burdening in the absolute value of the Italian trade balance. The outlined background is made further worse by the slowdown, in few years, in the rise in the fishery products consumptions, d…
Drivers and dynamic processes for SMEs going global
2006
PurposeMany, if not most, small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) are subject to the impacts of globalisation. This article seeks to explore the extra dimension of challenge to their already difficult environments when they have to venture into the world‐trade system.Design/methodology/approachRecent research undertaken separately by Polish, Italian, Norwegian and UK collaborators examined eight case studies of disparate smaller companies with international operations. This article brings together the common features found, and discusses them in terms of structural drivers and dynamic implications.FindingsResearch findings include the stretching of capabilities in supporting customers in u…
The new transatlantic agenda: transatlantic security relations between post-hegemonic cooperation and interdependence
2003
The New Transatlantic Agenda: Transatlantic Security Relations Between Post-Hegemonic Cooperation and Interdependence
The EU’s Role in International Climate Change Policy-Making: A Global Leader in Decline?
2013
This chapter assesses the European Union’s (EU) role in international climate change policy-making by comparing the EU’s degree of goal attainment at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP) negotiations in Copenhagen in 2009 and Cancun in 2010. By making use of three analytical factors (coherence, the opportunity structure and politicisation) we assess the outcomes of both negotiations for the EU. The Durban negotiations of 2011 are touched upon in the conclusions.
The European Union as a laboratory of paradiplomacy in the context of international and domestic determinants of regions’ foreign activities
2019
The aim of this article is to propose an analytical framework of the EU as a laboratory of paradiplomacy in context of international and domestic determinants of the regions’ foreign activities. The article shades some light on the definitions of paradyplomacy, which allow to understand the ambiguity of the status of regions in international relations. Firstly, the dimensions and types of paradiplomacy are identified. Secondly, the discourse concerning international and domestic determinants of international engagement of regional governments is identified. Then, the framework of the EU as a laboratory of paradiplomacy is explained in the three subsequent parts. Firstly, the EU is referred …
Back to agriculture? Malthus, Torrens, and Ricardo on International Trade and Structural Change
2019
In this article, we have analyzed the relationships among international trade, structural change, and economic growth in Malthus 1817 and 1826, Torrens 1815, and Ricardo 1822. In his Essay and in the 1815 pamphlet Grounds of an Opinion Malthus addressed international trade policy issues and elaborated quite a few arguments, ranging from economics to geopolitics, to support food protectionism. In this article, we have focused on Malthus’s views concerning international trade-induced structural change and the long-run growth prospects of an industrial country that heavily depends on foreign corn imports to feed its own population. To put it briefly, Malthus claimed that, in the long run, agri…