Search results for "Thermalisation"
showing 10 items of 52 documents
The Distribution of Slowing-Down Times of Positrons Emitted from <sup>22</sup>Na and <sup>68</sup>Ge\<sup>68</sup>…
2010
The results of the Monte Carlo simulation, using GEANT4 codes, of the slowing-down time prior to the thermalization in metals for positrons emitted from the 22Na and 68Ge\68Ga sources are presented. Due to the energy spectrum and probabilistic processes accompanying positrons traversing a medium the slowing-down time exhibits a distribution which has a long tail. Nevertheless, the average value of the time is ranged from 0.4 ps to 8 ps depending on the density of the medium as it is for the 22Na positrons. For positrons emitted from the 68Ga nucleus the average value of the slowing-down time increases and it is ranged from 1 ps to 20 ps.
Towards a Thermodynamic Description of Supercontinuum Generation
2009
Based on the kinetic wave theory, we describe continuous-wave supercontinuum generation as a thermalization process, i.e., an irreversible evolution of the optical field towards a state of maximum nonequilibrium entropy.
Condensation of classical optical waves beyond the cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation
2012
International audience; A completely classical nonlinear wave is known to exhibit a process of condensation whose thermodynamic properties are analogous to those of the genuine Bose-Einstein condensation. So far this phenomenon of wave condensation has been studied essentially in the framework of the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation with a pure cubic Kerr nonlinearity. We study wave condensation by considering two representative generalizations of the NLS equation that are relevant to the context of nonlinear optics, the nonlocal nonlinearity and the saturable nonlinearity. For both cases we derive analytical expressions of the condensate fraction in the weakly and the strongly nonlinea…
Initial conditions in AA and pA collisions
2016
A full understanding of the spacetime evolution of the QCD matter created in a heavy ion collision requires understanding the properties of the initial stages. In the weak coupling picture these are dominated by classical gluon fields, whose properties can also be studied via the scattering of dilute probes off a high energy hadron or nucleus. A particular challenge is understanding small systems, where LHC data is also showing signs of collective behavior. We discuss some recent results of on the initial matter production and thermalization in heavy ion collisions, in particular in the gluon saturation framework.
The photoelectrochemistry of thin passive layers. Investigation of anodic oxide films on titanium metal
1993
Abstract A photoelectrochemical investigation has been performed on thin TiO2 films grown anodically in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at high growth rates. The shape of the photocurrent vs. potential curves under monochromatic irradiation (photocharacteristics) depends on the photon energy of the incident light at energies above the optical band gap of the films (3.25 ± 0.05 eV). This finding has been explained by considering the presence of geminate recombination of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. In order to fit the experimental photocharacteristics, an expression for the photocurrent is proposed which takes into account the low drift range of photocarriers and possible recombination in th…
Interlayer exciton dynamics in van der Waals heterostructures
2019
Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides can be stacked to van der Waals heterostructures enabling the design of new materials with tailored properties. The strong Coulomb interaction gives rise to interlayer excitons, where electrons and holes are spatially separated in different layers. In this work, we reveal the time- and momentum-dependent elementary processes behind the formation, thermalization and photoemission of interlayer excitons for the exemplary MoSe2–WSe2 heterostructure. We identify tunneling of holes from MoSe2 to WSe2 on a ps timescale as the crucial process for interlayer exciton formation. We also predict a drastic reduction of the formation time as a function of…
Anomalous thermalization of nonlinear optical waves
2010
We report theoretically and experimentally an anomalous thermalization process characterized by an irreversible evolution of the waves towards a novel family of equilibrium states of a fundamental different nature than the standard thermodynamic equilibrium state.
Thermalization of the dispersive three-wave interaction
2007
We investigate the role of dispersion effects on the long-term evolution of the nonlinear three-wave interaction. We show that the three waves exhibit, as a general rule, an irreversible evolution towards a thermodynamic equilibrium state in which they propagate with identical velocities. As a result of this thermalization process, the three-wave system is driven away from spatio-temporal resonance, so that the equilibrium state does not satisfy the (phase-matching) resonant conditions of energy and momentum conservation for the averaged frequencies. Moreover, we show that the interplay between temporal dispersion and spatial diffraction leads to the emergence of a peculiar equilibrium stat…
Using molecular alignment to track ultrafast collisional relaxation
2014
Field-free molecular alignment has been used in order to track the collisional relaxation occurring in a molecular gas. CO${}_{2}$ molecules were initially irradiated by a short linearly polarized laser pulse resulting in the increase of their rotational energy. The evolution of the subsequent ultrafast relaxation process was optically probed after irradiating the sample with a second, weaker, short pulse leading to the alignment of the preheated molecules. Using classical molecular dynamic simulations, we were able to quantitatively reproduce the experimental shapes and amplitudes of the recorded revival transients for a time interval extending from 25 to 500 ps until thermalization of the…
Does interferometry probe thermalization?
2009
We carry out a systematic study of interferometry radii in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions within a two-dimensional transport model. We compute the transverse radii R_o and R_s as a function of p_t for various values of the Knudsen number, which measures the degree of thermalization in the system. They converge to the hydrodynamical limit much more slowly (by a factor 3) than elliptic flow. This solves most of the HBT puzzle for central collisions: R_o/R_s is in the range 1.1-1.2 for realistic values of the Knudsen number, much closer to experimental data ($\simeq 1$) than the value 1.5 from hydrodynamical calculations. The p_t dependence of R_o and R_s, which is usually said to refl…