Search results for "Tissue Distribution"

The joint adverse effects of aged nanoscale plastic debris and their co-occurring benzo[α]pyrene in freshwater mussel (Anodonta anatina)

2021

Although the presence of small-scale plastics, including nanoscale plastic debris (NPD, size1 μm), is expected in the environment, our understanding of their potential uptake and biodistribution in organisms is still limited. This mostly is because of the limitations in analytical techniques to characterize NPD in organisms' bodies. Moreover, it is still debatable whether aged NPD can sorb and transfer chemicals into organisms. Here, we apply iron oxide-doped polystyrene nanoparticles (Fe-PS NPs) of 270 nm size to quantify the uptake and biodistribution of NPD in freshwater mussels (Anodonta anatina). The Fe-PS NPs were, first, oxidized using heat-activated potassium persulfate treatments t…

Development of a novel rapamycin loaded nano- into micro-formulation for treatment of lung inflammation

2022

AbstractIt has recently emerged that drugs such as the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (Rapa) may play a key role in the treatment of airway inflammation associated with lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. Nevertheless, Rapa clinical application is still prevented by its unfavorable chemical-physical properties, limited oral bioavailability, and adverse effects related to non-specific biodistribution. In this paper, the design and production of a novel formulation of Rapa based on nano into micro (NiM) particles are detailed. To achieve it, Rapa-loaded nanoparticles were produced by nanoprecipitation of an amphiphilic pegylated poly-ɛ-caprolac…

Detoxifying antitumoral drugs via nanoconjugation: the case of gold nanoparticles and cisplatin

2021

Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a potential tool to improve cancer treatment. Among the proposed uses in imaging and therapy, their use as a drug delivery scaffold has been extensively highlighted. However, there are still some controversial points which need a deeper understanding before clinical application can occur. Here the use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to detoxify the antitumoral agent cisplatin, linked to a nanoparticle via a pH-sensitive coordination bond for endosomal release, is presented. The NP conjugate design has important effects on pharmacokinetics, conjugate evolution and biodistribution and results in an absence of observed toxicity. Besides, AuNPs present unique o…

Cloning and expression of a type IX-like collagen in tissues of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis

2002

Collagens are highly preserved proteins in invertebrates and vertebrates. To identify the collagens in urochordates, the total RNA extracted from the pharynx of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis was hybridized with a heterologous probe specific for the echinoderm Paracentrotus lividus fibrillar type I-like larval collagen. Using this probe, two main bands (i.e. 6 and 2.8 kb mRNA) were observed on Northern blot hybridization. The cDNA library prepared from poly(A)+RNA extracted from pharyngeal tissue was screened and a cDNA that specifies a type IX-like collagen was identified. This molecule presents a conceptual open reading frame for a protein containing 734 amino acids. In particular, we sh…

Vitamin A in parenteral nutrition: uptake and distribution of retinyl esters after intravenous application.

1989

Short-term parenteral application of vitamin A was examined in rats. Retinyl margarinate, which is chemically similar to physiological retinyl esters, was used in vitamin A-depleted rats to study uptake, distribution, and storage of retinyl esters in tissues. Vitamin A-depleted and Vitamin A-sufficient rats were infused with a micellar suspension of retinyl margarinate for 7 h and then killed at different times. Retinyl margarinate was directly taken up by all tissues examined. It appears that infusion of retinyl esters in micellar form provides a direct way to supply vitamin A to peripheral, vitamin A-dependent tissues. Therefore, a short-term infusion of retinyl esters with an emulsifier …

Distinct 5' SCL enhancers direct transcription to developing brain, spinal cord, and endothelium: neural expression is mediated by GATA factor bindin…

1999

The SCL gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor with a pivotal role in the development of endothelium and of all hematopoietic lineages. SCL is also expressed in the central nervous system, although its expression pattern has not been examined in detail and its function in neural development is unknown. In this article we present the first analysis of SCL transcriptional regulation in vivo. We have identified three spatially distinct regulatory modules, each of which was both necessary and sufficient to direct reporter gene expression in vivo to three different regions within the normal SCL expression domain, namely, developing endothelium, midbrain, and hindbrain/spinal …

Duplicated cytoglobin genes in teleost fishes

2005

Cytoglobin is a recently discovered myoglobin-related O2-binding protein of vertebrates with uncertain function. It occurs as single-copy gene in mammals. Here, we demonstrate the presence of two paralogous cytoglobin genes (Cygb-1 and Cygb-2) in the teleost fishes Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, and Takifugu rubripes. The globin-typical introns at positions B12.2 and G7.0 are conserved in both genes, whereas the C-terminal exon found in mammalian cytoglobin is absent in the fish genes. Phylogenetic analyses show that the two cytoglobin genes diverged early in teleost evolution. This is confirmed by gene synteny analyses, which suggest a large-scale duplication event. …

Preclinical characterization of antagomiR-218 as a potential treatment for myotonic dystrophy

2021

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a rare neuromuscular disease caused by expansion of unstable CTG repeats in a non-coding region of the DMPK gene. CUG expansions in mutant DMPK transcripts sequester MBNL1 proteins in ribonuclear foci. Depletion of this protein is a primary contributor to disease symptoms such as muscle weakness and atrophy and myotonia, yet upregulation of endogenous MBNL1 levels may compensate for this sequestration. Having previously demonstrated that antisense oligonucleotides against miR-218 boost MBNL1 expression and rescue phenotypes in disease models, here we provide preclinical characterization of an antagomiR-218 molecule using the HSALR mouse model and patient-d…

Elimination and distribution of different substituted phenols by frog (Rana temporaria) and crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus)

1981

PET Studies of d-Methamphetamine Pharmacokinetics in Primates: Comparison with l-Methamphetamine and (—)-Cocaine

2007

The methamphetamine molecule has a chiral center and exists as 2 enantiomers, d-methamphetamine (the more active enantiomer) and l-methamphetamine (the less active enantiomer). d-Methamphetamine is associated with more intense stimulant effects and higher abuse liability. The objective of this study was to measure the pharmacokinetics of d-methamphetamine for comparison with both l-methamphetamine and (-)-cocaine in the baboon brain and peripheral organs and to assess the saturability and pharmacologic specificity of binding.d- and l-methamphetamine and (-)-cocaine were labeled with (11)C via alkylation of the norprecursors with (11)C-methyl iodide using literature methods. Six different ba…