Search results for "Translation"

Targeted delivery of siRNAs against hepatocellular carcinoma-related genes by a galactosylated polyaspartamide copolymer

2021

Given the lack of effective treatments for Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the development of novel therapeutic approaches is very urgent. Here, siRNAs were delivered to HCC cells by a synthetic polymer containing α,β-poly-(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-D,L-aspartamide-(PHEA) derivatized with diethylene triamine (DETA) and bearing in the side chain galactose (GAL) linked via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) to obtain (PHEA-DETA-PEG-GAL, PDPG). The GAL residue allows the targeting to the asialo-glycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), overexpressed in HCC cells compared to normal hepatocytes. Uptake studies performed using a model siRNA or a siRNA targeted against the enhanced green fluorescence protein, demonstrated …

Enhancing Gene Knockdown Efficiencies by Comparing siRNA-Loaded Cationic Nanogel Particles of Different Sizes

2015

lt;pgt;In order to silence the expression levels of pathogenic genes, small interfering RNA (siRNA) requires a nano-sized carrier for its safe and stable delivery into cells. In this research highlight, we focus on well-defined cationic nanohydrogel particles developed in our group for such purposes. To investigate the nanogels’ mechanism for enhanced knockdown efficiencies, we recently synthesized two sets of particles with similar material composition and siRNA-loading characteristics, but – according to the manufacturing process – of different sizes. Within this study, 100-nm-sized nanogel particles loaded with siRNA accumulated inside the lysosomes already after 4 h and could not induce…

Considerations About Translation: Strategies About Frontiers

2017

Translation and terminology. On two Spanish versions (Madrid, 1800) of Dumarsais’ Logique

2013

This article is the Spanish version of “Traduction et terminologie. A propos de deux versions espagnoles (Madrid, 1800) de la Logique de Dumarsais” by Brigitte Lépinette. It was not published on the print version of MonTI for reasons of space. The online version of MonTI does not suffer from these limitations, and this is our way of promoting plurilingualism. Framed in the field of philosophical translation (lato sensu), this article deals with two different versions of Logique by Dumarsais (Paris, 1730) published in Spain. We show that these two “Lógicas”, translated by two different persons, who also had distinct purposes as is evidenced by their respective bibliographical context and met…

Detranslation: Spanglish from a neurolinguistic point of view

2014

Despite currently growing sociolinguistic research on Spanglish, it is a very peculiar linguistic variety, which cannot be understood without a careful analysis of its neurolinguistic background. This paper argues that a theoretical neurolinguistic view on Spanglish has to consider the cortex, where English-like words are located, the limbic system, where Spanish paradigms are stored, and the bundles of nerves that bind up both of them. Spanglish is an example of detranslation, a kind of negative translation.

Where Does Nε-Trimethyllysine for the Carnitine Biosynthesis in Mammals Come from?

2014

N(ε)-trimethyllysine (TML) is a non-protein amino acid which takes part in the biosynthesis of carnitine. In mammals, the breakdown of endogenous proteins containing TML residues is recognized as starting point for the carnitine biosynthesis. Here, we document that one of the main sources of TML could be the vegetables which represent an important part of daily alimentation for most mammals. A HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method, which we previously developed for the analysis of N(G)-methylarginines, was utilized to quantitate TML in numerous vegetables. We report that TML, believed to be rather rare in plants as free amino acid, is, instead, ubiquitous in them and at not negligible levels. The occurrenc…

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellid Monorhaphis chuni.

2008

SUMMARYSilicateins, members of the cathepsin L family, are enzymes that have been shown to be involved in the biosynthesis/condensation of biosilica in spicules from Demospongiae (phylum Porifera), e.g. Tethya aurantium and Suberites domuncula. The class Hexactinellida also forms spicules from this inorganic material. This class of sponges includes species that form the largest biogenic silica structures on earth. The giant basal spicules from the hexactinellids Monorhaphis chuni and Monorhaphis intermedia can reach lengths of up to 3 m and diameters of 10 mm. The giant spicules as well as the tauactines consist of a biosilica shell that surrounds the axial canal, which harbours the axial f…

A subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α-phosphatase (CreP/PPP1R15B) regulates membrane traffic.

2012

The constitutive reverter of eIF2α phosphorylation (CReP)/PPP1r15B targets the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c) to phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α) to promote its dephosphorylation and translation initiation. Here, we report a novel role and mode of action of CReP. We found that CReP regulates uptake of the pore-forming Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin by epithelial cells. This function was independent of PP1c and translation, although p-eIF2α was involved. The latter accumulated at sites of toxin attack and appeared conjointly with α-toxin in early endosomes. CReP localized to membranes, interacted with phosphomimetic eIF2α, and, upon overexpression, induced and decorated a pop…

On the function of modified nucleosides in the RNA world.

1998

Presumably ribosome and transfer RNA (tRNA) evolved from a pre-existing function in the RNA stage of life and were secondarily adapted for protein synthesis. Various possible initial functions of the primitive ribosome (protoribosome) have been suggested. The initial function of the primitive ribosome and primitive genetic translation would have been quite similar. It is possible that, initially, both functions coexisted in the protoribosome. Given that the three-dimensional structure of ribosomal RNAs shows only minor variations throughout time, it is, then, most likely that present ribosomes can still recall (remember) the most important parts of the mechanism of their initial function. A…

Gabor-like systems in ${cal L}^2({bf R}^d)$ and extensions to wavelets

2008

In this paper we show how to construct a certain class of orthonormal bases in starting from one or more Gabor orthonormal bases in . Each such basis can be obtained acting on a single function with a set of unitary operators which operate as translation and modulation operators in suitable variables. The same procedure is also extended to frames and wavelets. Many examples are discussed.