Search results for "UTILITY"
showing 10 items of 116 documents
Negative results in the theory of games with lexicographic utilities
2003
When players may have lexicographic utilities, there are: (i) extensive games having a non-empty set of equilibria but empty sets of sequentially rational, sequential and perfect equilibria (ii) normal form games having a non-empty set of equilibria but an empty set of proper equilibria and no stable set of equilibria and (iii) two extensive games having the same normal form representation and disjoint sets of sequential equilibria.
The demand for IPR services - to use or not to use a professional representative
2021
We analysed the use of professional representative services and related outcomes in patent, utility model, design right and trademark filings. We found that: 1) there is a positive association between the use of a professional representative and the likelihood of grant or registration; 2) the demand for professional intellectual property rights (IPR) services is heterogeneous between IPR types: applicants are most likely to hire professional representatives (IPR agents and attorneys) for patents, followed by utility models, design rights and trademarks; 3) individual applicants are less likely to use professional representatives compared to firm applicants. peerReviewed
IPR gender gaps: a first look at utility model, design right and trademark filings
2018
This study extends the analysis of the gender gap in patenting into design rights, utility model (UMs) and trademarks (TMs), which are complementary methods for protecting intellectual property. The analysis is descriptive and uses register data from the Finnish patent and registration office covering the years 1982–2013. A persistent gender gap is found for all intellectual property rights. The gap has narrowed over time for national patent, design right and TM filings but not for UM filings. It is found that, in comparison to men, women are relatively less often single inventors or designers and more often members of inventor or designer teams. peerReviewed
The role of utility models in patent filing strategies: evidence from European countries
2018
We examine the role of utility models (UM) in patent filing strategies. With an extensive patent family data from European countries, we explore the structures and characteristics of patent families, which include UMs. A simple typology of patent families with UM members is introduced. We document that the geographical scope of most patent families with UM members is purely national, which is in line with the conventional view that the UM mechanism covers technologically and economically marginal inventions. However, the image of a UM as a signal of a minor invention is an oversimplification. Applicants exhibit a mixture of uses for the UM and there exists a subset of UM filings linked to i…
Latvijas komercbanku un komersantu sadarbības pilnveides iespējas
2020
Darbā ir aprakstīta noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas un terorisma finansēšanas novēršanas prasību ietekme uz sadarbību starp Latvijas komercbankām un komersantiem. Komersanti saskaras ar paaugstināto informācijas pieprasījumu daudzumu, kamēr komercbankas cenšas nodrošināt atbilstību normatīvo aktu prasībām. Rodas problēma, ka komersanti ir pārslogoti ar pieprasījumu skaitu, savukārt komercbankas nespēj samazināt spiedienu un līdz ar to pazaudēt nepieciešamo atbilstības līmeni. Darba mērķis ir pilnveidot sadarbību starp komercbankām un komersantiem, samazinot informācijas pieprasījumu apjomu, tai pašā laikā saglabājot pietiekošo komercbanku atbilstību klientu izpētes normatīvo aktu p…
Adjusting to Climate Change: Implications of Increased Variability and Asymmetric Adjustment Costs for Investment in Water Reserves
1997
Abstract In this paper we study the determination of optimal water storage capacity in a region, taking into account that the supply of the resource, the flow into the reserve, is uncertain, that a measure of the uncertainty, the variance, is likely to increase with climate change, that building capacity is costly, and that the development of water resources may entail alsoenvironmental costs. We find that water storage capacity in the long run ispositivelyrelated to increases in uncertainty if the marginal benefit of water withdrawal isconvexand that, for the case of costly reversibility of investment, a range of inaction for investment appears, and the stability of water storage capacity …
Non-Technological Aspects on Web Searching Success
2008
This paper studies the influence of social, cultural and emotional background of typical Web users into the web searching process. Several variables, describing such aspects, are represented and statistically analyzed with well known clustering and classifying algorithms such, as COBWEB, J48, Bayes classification, and Correspondence analysis. Results indicate that the efficiency of the complete process of Information Retrieval will not be fully understood without considering subjectivity and personality facts.
Older volunteers in France: Recognising their social utility in a less and less corporatist welfare state
2014
International audience
Architettura
2015
L’architettura, fin dalle origini è stata un’arte ancipite, ancorata tanto alla sfera dell’utile (con le sue derivazioni funzionaliste, propugnate in varia misura dai teorici del Movimento Moderno) tanto a quella del bello (che in casi estremi approda a quelle forme di architettura/scultura in cui la destinazione d’uso si annulla nell’esperienza estetica). Questo numero della “Rivista di estetica” vuole fare il punto sullo stato attuale del dibattito, in area analitica e continentale, mettendo a fuoco gli interrogativi che la società oggi pone all’architettura. Nuove problematiche legate alla globalizzazione, all’ecologia, al paesaggio e alla salvaguardia dell’ambiente, richiedono l’interve…
Empirical analyses of European intellectual property rights institutions
2018
This dissertation consists of introduction chapter and five empirical studies on European intellectual property rights institutions. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 are micro-level studies and the perspective shifts to macro-level in Chapters 5 and 6. Chapters 2, 3, 5 and 6 analyze two-tiered patent systems and Chapter 4 focuses on design rights. Chapter 2 analyzes the choice between patent and utility model protection among German firms. The results indicate that larger firms are more likely to use both protection methods and that a short life cycle of products and services is associated with an increased likelihood to use utility models. Chapter 3 analyzes the role of utility models in patent filing …