Search results for "Union"
showing 10 items of 2069 documents
Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3–XClx Solar Cells. Experimental Study of Initial Degradation Kinetics and Fill Factor Spectral Dependence
2021
The main drawback of the methylammonium lead halide perovskite solar cells is their degradation in ambient atmosphere. To investigate ambient-air-induced cell degradation, spec-tral dependencies of open-circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF) and the power conversion effi-ciency (PCE) have been acquired (for the first time reported in literature). Our custom-made measurement system allowed us to perform measurements of the above-mentioned entities in situ directly in vacuum during and after thermal deposition of the elec-trode. We also studied how these parameters in vacuum changed after cell exposure to ambient air for 85 min (50 nm top electrode) and for 180 min (100 nm top Ag electrode).…
Euro Area Structural Convergence? A Multi-Criterion Cluster Analysis
2015
Abstract This paper proposes a classification of the old member countries of the euro area in a structural data rich environment and run a convergence analysis using the same framework. First, we use a clustering approach and identify two structurally distinct clusters of countries that are not modified between 1999 and 2012: the South Countries Group (SCG) – composed of Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain – and the Other Countries Group (OCG). Second, we propose a convergence metrics and reach three key findings: (i) increase over time of the between-clusters׳ dispersion; (ii) diverging demographics and innovation performance into the OCG, and (iii) an unfortunate convergence towards high la…
La europeización del Derecho administrativo español (The European influence in the evolution of Spanish Administrative Law)
2017
Spanish Abstract: Un analisis del proceso de europeizacion del Derecho administrativo espanol de nuestros dias que se ha producido desde la aprobacion de la Constitucion espanola de 1978 y la entrada de Espana en las Comunidades Europeas en 1986 hasta nuestros dias, identificando las areas mas afectadas y las tendencias basicas de todo el proceso. English Abstract: An analyse of the process of Europeanisation of the modern Spanish Administrative Law produced from the time of the approval of the current Spanish Constitution (1978) and the entry of Spain in the European Union (1986) to our days, identifying the most affected areas and the basic trends of the whole process.
Post‐Soviet Reform in Latvia: Early Progress and Future Prospects
1992
After the rapid and dramatic demise of the Soviet Union in 1991, 15 newly autonomous republics are restructuring their economies after decades of central Communist planning. The three Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia had successful market‐oriented economies during more than two decades of independence between World Wars I and II and were comparatively strong performers within the USSR after being occupied in 1940. A case study of Latvia looks at the historic factors and political issues which are shaping the current reform process. A contrast of state‐run, collective and private enterprises is used to illustrate the rapid changes which now place Latvia at the forefront among p…
Commodity Tax Competition and Industry Location Under the Destination- and the Origin-Principle
2007
We develop a model of commodity tax competition with monopolistically competitive internationally mobile firms, transport costs, and asymmetric country sizes. We investigate the impacts of non-cooperative tax setting, as well as of tax harmonization and changes in the tax principle, in both the short and the long run. The origin principle, when compared to the destination principle, is shown to exacerbate tax competition and to erode tax revenues, yet leads to a more equal spatial distribution of economic activity. This suggests that federations which care about spatial inequality, like the European Union, face a non-trivial choice for their tax principle that goes beyond the standard consi…
Determination of carbamate residues in fruits and vegetables by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
2000
Abstract Thirteen carbamates were analysed in orange, grape, onion and tomatoes by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Electrospray (ES) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) were compared and both gave similar results in terms of sensitivity and structural information because at 20 V fragmentor voltages the fragmentation is minimal. The efficiency of different solid-phases (C18, C8, cyano, amine and phenyl) for the MSPD was compared. Mean recoveries using C8 varied from 64 to 106% with relative standard deviations of 5–15% in the concentration range of 0.01–10 mg kg−1. Matrix constituents did not interfere signific…
Cr(III)/Cr(VI) speciation in aerosol particles by extractive separation and thermal ionization isotope dilution mass spectrometry
1997
An isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) method, using the formation of positive thermal ions, was developed for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) speciation in aerosol particles. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) spike species, enriched in 53Cr, were applied for the isotope dilution step. After leaching of filter collected aerosol samples by an alkaline solution at pH 13, species separation was carried out by extraction with a liquid anion exchanger in methyl isobutyl ketone. Cr(VI) in the organic phase was re-extracted into an ammoniacal solution and chromium was then isolated from both fractions of species by electrodeposition. Detection limits of 30 pg/m3 for Cr(III) and of 8 pg/m3 for Cr(VI) were achieved in a…
Determination of PAHs in airborne particles by accelerated solvent extraction and large-volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
2006
Abstract A sensitive and automated method is presented for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particulate matter. The procedure includes extraction of PM10-bound PAHs by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) followed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) clean-up, and large-volume programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV–LV) injection coupled to GC–MS. The limit of detection (LOD) of the whole method, based on a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3:1, ranged from 0.26 pg m−3 to 3 pg m−3 when air volumes of 760 m3 are collected. The hexane–acetone mixture (1:1, v/v) gave the best recoveries when ASE parameters were fixed at 125 °C, 1500 psi, and a total time …
A rapid and sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quality control of perfumes: simultaneous determination of phthalates
2013
A rapid and sensitive analytical gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for perfume analysis to determine the phthalates banned by the European Union Regulation on cosmetic samples is presented. This method has been tested in commercial alcoholic perfume samples for the determination of the following seven phthalates: dibutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate, n-pentyl-isopentylphthalate, di-n-pentyl phthalate, diisopentylphthalate and benzyl butyl phthalate. Sample evaporation and redissolution in ethanol is carried out before GC-MS analysis, with no dilution of the sample. External calibration and standard addition calibration are compared …
A reliable and environmentally-friendly liquid-chromatographic method for multi-class determination of fat-soluble UV filters in cosmetic products.
2013
An environmentally-friendly analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 15 fat-soluble ultraviolet (UV) filters currently authorized by the European Union regulation on cosmetic products has been developed. The determination was performed by liquid chromatography with UV spectrophotometric detection. Different parameters, such as type of column, oven temperature, mobile phase composition and flow rate were studied. The best chromatographic separation was obtained under the following conditions: C18 column set at 60°C and gradient ethanol:water (containing 1% formic acid and 20mM of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) as mobile phase pumped at 1mL min(-1). 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodext…