Search results for "Vesicles"
showing 10 items of 482 documents
Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018):a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicl…
2018
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines fo…
Extracellular Vesicle Encapsulated MicroRNAs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Are Affected by Metformin Treatment
2019
Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as a source of potential biomarkers for various pathophysiological conditions, including metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is the most prevalent form of diabetes in the USA, with 30 million diagnosed patients. Identifying miRNA biomarkers that can be used to assess response to glucose lowering treatments would be useful. Using patient plasma samples from a subset of the Danish Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHIT) cohort, we characterized miRNAs from whole plasma, plasma-derived EVs, and EV-depleted plasma by small RNA-sequencing to identify T2DM associa…
Extracellular heat shock proteins in cancer: From early diagnosis to new therapeutic approach
2021
In cancer, human cells lose the ability to properly control the series of events that occur constantly during cell growth and division, including protein expression, stability, and dynamics. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are key molecules in these events, constitutively expressed at high levels and could furthermore be induced by the response to cancer-induced stress. In tumor cells, Hsps have been shown to be implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, immune responses, angiogenesis and metastasis; in some cases, they can be overexpressed and dysregulated, representing important cancer hallmarks. In the past few years, it has been demonstrated that Hsps can be released by tumor cells through s…
Circadian variations of ?synaptic? bodies in the pineal glands of Brattleboro rats
1990
The function of the mammalian pineal gland is regulated primarily by the sympathetic system. Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) may also be involved in the regulation of pineal melatonin synthesis under experimental conditions. The present study was conducted in the AVP-deficient rat strain, the Brattleboro rat, to investigate whether the numbers and rhythms of pineal "synaptic" bodies in this strain are different from those found in intact rats. AVP or its non-vasoconstrictive analog, deamino-D-AVP, was also injected intra-arterially in Brattleboro or Sprague-Dawley rats to test whether this procedure influences "synaptic" body numbers. Brattleboro rats were killed at different time-points through…
Development of day-night rhythmicity in "synaptic" ribbon numbers in the pinealocytes of posthatch chicks kept under either natural photoperiodic con…
1991
: Pineal synaptic ribbons (SR) undergo characteristic changes over a period of 24 hr under natural photoperiodic conditions in various vertebrates, being low in number during daytime and elevated at night. During posthatch development of chicks, the rhythmicity of SR numbers is reported to appear at the age of about 2 weeks. Because the influence of external light during the growth phase of chicks on the development of day-night rhythmicity in SR numbers is unknown, we studied day-night differences in SR numbers in the pinealocytes of chicks at the posthatch ages of 15, 17, and 19 days; chicks had previously been kept under natural photoperiodic conditions or continuous illumination. Under …
Exercise-Induced Extracellular Vesicles Delay the Progression of Prostate Cancer
2022
Increasing evidence suggests that regular physical exercise not only reduces the risk of cancer but also improves functional capacity, treatment efficacy and disease outcome in cancer patients. At least partially, these effects are mediated by the secretome of the tissues responding to exercise. The secreted molecules can be released in a carrier-free form or enclosed into extracellular vesicles (EVs). Several recent studies have shown that EVs are actively released into circulation during physical exercise. Here, we for the first time investigated the effects of exercise-induced EVs on the progression of cancer in an F344 rat model of metastatic prostate cancer. Although we did not observe…
Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation
2015
Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) by default and in response to diverse stimuli for the purpose of cell communication and tissue homeostasis. EVs are present in all body fluids including peripheral blood, and their appearance correlates with specific physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we show that physical activity is associated with the release of nano-sized EVs into the circulation. Healthy individuals were subjected to an incremental exercise protocol of cycling or running until exhaustion, and EVs were isolated from blood plasma samples taken before, immediately after and 90 min after exercise. Small EVs with the size of 100–130 nm, that carried proteins character…
Adenocarcinomas and their derived lymphovascular emboli contain dual compartmental populations of tumor microvesicles which differ in size and possib…
2016
Adenocarcinomas and their associated lymphovascular emboli metastasize as tight aggregates of tumor cells. Using a xenograft model of human inflammatory breast cancer (Mary-X), which exhibited florid lymphovascular emboli in mice and high density tumor aggregates (spheroids) in vitro, we previously demonstrated that both emboli and spheroids are mediated by an intact overexpressed E-cadherin axis which regulates homotypic tumor cell adhesion. We now report that Mary-X spheroids secrete 5-10 fold higher levels of microvesicles (MVs) than most other carcinoma cell lines. Despite the high density of tumor cells and the strong juxtaposition of tumor cells to each other in the spheroids, interce…
Shedding of extracellular membrane vesicles from both normal and tumor cells in culture
2009
Tumor cells of different origins shed extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs), that contain angiogenetic- and pro-apoptotic-factors as well as matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). In addition, also neurons and astrocytes in culture produce VEGF- and FGF2- containing MVs, while oligodendroglioma (G26/24) cells release FasL-containing MVs that inhibit neurite sprouting and cause neuronal apoptosis. Starting from these observations, we have been analyzing composition of MVs produced by both normal and tumor cells in culture. We found that MVs from G26/24 cells contain TRAIL, Hsp70, and VEGF. We also traced the route of shed MVs, by adding vesicles that contain 35S-labeled proteins to unlabeled neuron…
Effect of extracellular vesicles from CSF of multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls on astrocytes in culture
2017
INTRODUCTION Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and EV-mediated exchange of molecules among brain cells, under physiological conditions, has been described years ago. At the same time, ability of EVs to transfer proteins and nucleic acids to the surrounding cells, thus modifying their phenotypes, has been clearly demonstrated for tumor cells of different origins, including brain cancers. More recently, involvement of EVs in pathological processes affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS), and their capacity of transferring damaging cargoes have been also suggested. To explore these functions, we exposed primary cultures of astrocytes to EVs isolated from cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) …