Search results for "access"
showing 10 items of 1232 documents
The World Bank’s Early Reflections on Development: A Development Institution or a Bank?
2009
Until the late 1960s, the World Bank presented itself as an institution devoted to making sound and directly productive project loans. Yet, during its very early years, some discussions developed inside the Bank regarding the possibility of issuing different types of loans, namely (i) loans aimed at tackling social issues ("social loans"), and (ii) loans aimed at providing foreigncurrency to address disequilibria in the balance of payments ("impact loans"). This paper brings together historical analysis and theories of organization development to study the housing issue as a case in point. The analysis reveals that the Bank was unwilling to lend for housing programs not because these were n…
Applicability of Interference Coordination in Highly Loaded HSUPA Network
2010
This paper evaluates the performance of highly loaded High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) network with and without network wide static Interference Coordination (IC). IC alternates the priorities for user transmission periods throughout the network to achieve reduced interference levels and higher performance. A large variety of combinations including, e.g., different schedulers, cell center/edge user definitions (user splits) and interference targets are investigated in this paper. Performance is analyzed using a quasi-static system level simulator which is also used to support Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization work. The simulator contains detailed and commonl…
Coordination in a multi-cell multi-antenna multi-user W-CDMA system: a beamforming approach
2008
The problem of designing joint power control and optimal beamforming (JPCOB) algorithms for the downlink of a coordinated multi-cell WCDMA system is considered throughout this paper. In this case, the JPCOB design is formulated as the problem of minimizing the total transmitted power in the coordinated multi-cell system, subject to a certain quality of service requirement for each user. In this paper, the performance of two JPCOB algorithms based on different beamforming approaches is compared over the coordinated multi-cell system. The first one, obtains local beamformers by means of the well-known virtual uplink-downlink duality. In contrast, the second algorithm implements multi-base bea…
Enable concurrent transmissions with beamforming for broadband wireless access in CSMA/CA-based WLANs
2014
In CSMA/CA based wireless local networks, two stations are not allowed to transmit at the same time due to interference generated to each other, resulting in degraded throughput. Concurrent transmission, which enables simultaneous transmission of two or more stations under certain conditions, is able to overcome this problem, leading to enhanced channel utilization efficiency. Different from earlier work on this topic which focuses on omni-direction concurrent transmission, we introduce in this paper beamforming into a co-channel concurrent transmission scheme and investigate the benefits of concurrency with beamforming. The circumstances for concurrent transmission and frame scheduling are…
Predatory Open-Access Publishing in Anesthesiology.
2018
Predatory publishing is an exploitative fraudulent open-access publishing model that applies charges under the pretense of legitimate publishing operations without actually providing the editorial services associated with legitimate journals. The aim of this study was to analyze this phenomenon in the field of anesthesiology and related specialties (intensive care, critical and respiratory medicine, pain medicine, and emergency care). Two authors independently surveyed a freely accessible, constantly updated version of the original Beall lists of potential, possible, or probable predatory publishers and standalone journals. We identified 212 journals from 83 publishers, and the total number…
Predatory journals enter biomedical databases through public funding
2020
Predatory publishing is an international, cross disciplinary threat to the integrity of the scientific system • A worrying number of articles published in predatory journals are indexed in biomedical databases such as PubMed, the free access biomedical database maintained by the National Library of Medicine • Public funding, under open access policies, seems to be the mechanism by which articles are displayed in PubMed. • Providing guidance to publicly funded authors on how to publish their work in legitimate open-access venues will likely stop the wasteful use of public money to cover the fees of predatory journals.
La fin de la transparence ?
2023
Development and validation of the neighborhood environment walkability scale for youth across six continents
2019
Abstract Background The IPEN International Physical Activity and Environment Network Adolescent project was conducted using common study protocols to document the strength, shape, and generalizability of associations of perceived neighborhood environment attributes with adolescents’ physical activity and overweight/obesity using data from 15 countries. Countries did not use identical versions of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y) to measure perceived neighborhood environment attributes. Therefore, this study derived a measurement model for NEWS-Y items common to all IPEN Adolescent countries and developed a scoring protocol for the IPEN Adolescent version of t…
Pharmaceutical patents and the right to access to medicines in Central America
2020
El vínculo entre la propiedad intelectual y el derecho a la salud se ha convertido en un tema de debate central desde la conferencia ministerial de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) en 2001. En efecto, a pesar del amplio reconocimiento del derecho a la salud en la escena internacional, la cuestión de la protección efectiva y la aplicación del derecho en cuestión es tema de un debate constante. El objetivo de las patentes farmacéuticas, es proporcionar al inventor un conjunto de derechos exclusivos durante un período de tiempo determinado a cambio de la divulgación pública del medicamento recién protegido. El régimen de monopolio establecido conduce a un aumento significativo de los…
Pathways to higher education: the aspirations of first and second generation immigrants and the permeability of educational tracks in France, Switzer…
2013
Despite their different histories as countries of immigration, Switzerland, France and Canada all have a sizeable immigrant population, some of which do experience obstacles in their educational and professional careers. On the one hand, France and Switzerland offer both academic and vocational routes to higher education, whereas academic routes prevail in Canada. In this paper the authors clarify not only if, but also how - through which institutional settings - higher education is accessed by students from vulnerable immigrant groups. The results show that across the three countries, 1st and 2nd generation Northern African youths in France, Turkish or former Yugoslavian youths in Switzerl…