Search results for "acetyltransferase"
showing 10 items of 170 documents
Acetylcholine and Molecular Components of its Synthesis and Release Machinery in the Urothelium
2007
Abstract Objectives Previous studies provided indirect evidence for urothelial synthesis and release of acetylcholine (ACh). We aimed to determine directly the ACh content in the urothelium and to characterize the molecular components of its synthesis and release machinery. Methods The study was performed on mouse bladder and abraded urothelium, and human mucosal bladder biopsies. ACh content was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry served to investigate expression of ACh-synthesizing enzymes—choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and carnitine acetyltransferase (CarAT)—vesicular ACh t…
Trägt leukozytäres Acetylcholin zur chronischen Abstoßung von Nierentransplantaten bei?
2010
Einleitung: Akute Abstoßungsepisoden prädisponieren für die chronische Abstoßung von Nierentransplantaten. Für die fatale akute Abstoßung haben wir experimentell gezeigt, dass Monozyten, die sich in Transplantatgefäßen massiv ansammeln, Acetylcholin (ACh) produzieren.[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]
Functional characterization of a peroxisome proliferator response-element located in the intron 3 of rat peroxisomal thiolase B gene.
2003
Expression of the rat peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase gene B is induced by peroxisome proliferators. Although a sequence element like a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-binding site is located in the promoter region of this gene, we previously found that this element is competent for the activation by hepatocyte nuclear factor-4, but not functional with PPARalpha. We describe here a new peroxisome proliferator-response element located in the intron 3 (+1422/+1434) that binds in vitro the PPARalpha/retinoid X receptor alpha heterodimer and confers the induction by PPARalpha in transfection assays. We propose a model of regulation of the rat thiolase B gene involving thos…
The Non-neuronal Cholinergic System
2001
An increasing body of knowledge indicates that the cholinergic system is not confined to the nervous system, but is practically ubiquitous. The present paper will address the question of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in vascular endothelial cells (EC). In tissue sections of human skin, immunohistochemical studies using confocal laser scanning microscopy showed ChAT (choline acetyltransferase) activity in the EC of dermal blood vessels. Positive ChAT immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in monolayer cultures of human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) and a human angiosarcoma EC line (HAEND). That the synthesizing enzyme is not only present in EC, but also active was shown by measuring ChAT a…
The cholinergic 'pitfall': acetylcholine, a universal cell molecule in biological systems, including humans.
1999
1. Acetylcholine (ACh) represents one of the most exemplary neurotransmitters. In addition to its presence in neuronal tissue, there is increasing experimental evidence that ACh is widely expressed in pro- and eukaryotic non-neuronal cells. Thus, ACh has been detected in bacteria, algae, protozoa, tubellariae and primitive plants, suggesting an extremely early appearance of ACh in the evolutionary process. 2. In humans, ACh and/or the synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, has been demonstrated in epithelial cells (airways, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, epidermis), mesothelial (pleura, pericardium) and endothelial and muscle cells. In addition, immune cells express the non-ne…
The Non-neuronal Cholinergic System
2001
Acetylcholine, one of the most exemplary neurotransmitters, has been detected in bacteria, algae, protozoa, tubellariae and primitive plants, suggesting an extremely early appearance in the evolutionary process and a wide expression in non-neuronal cells. In plants (Urtica dioica), acetylcholine is involved in the regulation of water resorption and photosynthesis. In humans, acetylcholine and/or the synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, have been demonstrated in epithelial (airways, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, epidermis), mesothelial (pleura, pericardium), endothelial, muscle and immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells). The widespread expression o…
Non-neuronal acetylcholine, a locally acting molecule, widely distributed in biological systems: expression and function in humans.
1998
Acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems in humans. However, recent experiments demonstrate a widespread expression of the cholinergic system in non-neuronal cells in humans. The synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase, the signalling molecule acetylcholine, and the respective receptors (nicotinic or muscarinic) are expressed in epithelial cells (human airways, alimentary tract, epidermis). Acetylcholine is also found in mesothelial, endothelial, glial, and circulating blood cells (platelets, mononuclear cells), as well as in alveolar macrophages. The existence of non-neuronal acetylcholine explains the widespread expression of muscarinic …
Role of Redox Signaling, Protein Phosphatases and Histone Acetylation in the Inflammatory Cascade in Acute Pancreatitis: Therapeutic Implications
2010
Acute pancreatitis starts as a local inflammation of the pancreatic tissue but often leads to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and death by multiple organ failure. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-alpha and Il-1beta, play a pivotal role together with oxidative stress and glutathione depletion in the inflammatory response in this disease. Most inflammatory mediators act through mitogen activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kB. Nevertheless, elucidation of the precise mechanisms involved in activation and attenuation phases of the inflammatory cascade is still underway. Redox signaling mediated by inactivation of protein phosphatases and histone acetylation trigg…
Regulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide production by acetylation and deacetylation
2021
Oral treatment of apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-KO) mice with the putative sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activator resveratrol led to a reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity in the heart. In contrast, the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 enhanced the superoxide production in isolated human polymorphonuclear granulocytes. In human monocytic THP-1 cells, phorbol ester-stimulated superoxide production was enhanced by inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs; including quisinostat, trichostatin A (TSA), PCI34051, and tubastatin A) and decreased by inhibitors of histone acetyltransferases [such as garcinol, curcumin, and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Inhibitor II]. Thes…
Subcellular distribution of choline acetyltransferase by immunogold electron microscopy in non-neuronal cells: Placenta, airways and murine embryonic…
2012
Abstract Aims Acetylcholine is synthesized in more or less all mammalian cells. However, little is known about the subcellular location of acetylcholine synthesis. Therefore, in the present experiments the subcellular location of the synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was investigated by anti-ChAT immunogold electron microscopy in human placenta and airways as well as in a murine embryonic stem cell line (CGR8 cell line). Main methods Human tissue was obtained as so-called surplus tissue (after delivery/surgical removal because of lung tumor); the CGR8 stem cell line was cultured under standard conditions. For human tissue a monoclonal mouse anti-ChAT antibody (ab) was use…