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Pionowa koordynacja transakcji między grupami producentów rolnych a ich pierwszymi odbiorcami. Przykład rynku ziemniaków
2016
Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja form pionowej koordynacji transakcji między grupami producentów rolnych działających na rynku ziemniaka a ich pierwszymi odbiorcami. Przedmiotem badań były kontrakty podpisane przez grupy w 2014 roku. Dla realizacji wyznaczonego celu zastosowano metodę studium przypadku. Wykorzystanym narzędziem był wspomagany komputerowo wywiad telefoniczny, którego podstawę stanowił kwestionariusz ankiety. Badanie przeprowadzono w okresie od marca do maja 2015 roku. W badaniu wzięło udział 8 grup producentów (około 35% zbiorowości całkowitej). W 2014 roku całość sprzedaży była realizowana w ramach kontraktów, a głównym odbiorcą były zakłady przetwórcze.
Les plans d'option sur actions:théorie et pratique
2000
Cet article présente une synthèse des travaux théoriques et empiriques consacrés aux stock-options. Il est consacré dans un premier temps aux avantages et inconvénients présumés de ces formules de rémunérations, au sujet des liens entre les plans d'options sur actions et la performance à long terme des firmes, les comportements des salariés (des cadres en particulier), la maîtrise possible de la masse salariale et les risques de dilution du capital. Dans un second temps, en sont précisées les modalités d'application selon les législations en vigueur tant en France qu'en Amérique du Nord, ainsi que stratégies pouvant être adoptées par les détenteurs des options. L'article dresse ensuite un b…
Perception of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the frontline
2015
International audience; Plants are continuously monitoring the presence of microorganisms to establish an adapted response. Plants commonly use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to perceive microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/PAMPs) which are microorganism molecular signatures. Located at the plant plasma membrane, the PRRs are generally receptor-like kinases (RLKs) or receptor-like proteins (RLPs). MAMP detection will lead to the establishment of a plant defense program called MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). In this review, we overview the RLKs and RLPs that assure early recognition and control of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria. We also highlight the crucial func…
Noncovalent axial I∙∙∙Pt∙∙∙I interactions in platinum(II) complexes strengthen in the excited state
2021
Abstract Coordination compounds of platinum(II) participate in various noncovalent axial interactions involving metal center. Weakly bound axial ligands can be electrophilic or nucleophilic; however, interactions with nucleophiles are compromised by electron density clashing. Consequently, simultaneous axial interaction of platinum(II) with two nucleophilic ligands is almost unprecedented. Herein, we report structural and computational study of a platinum(II) complex possessing such intramolecular noncovalent I⋅⋅⋅Pt⋅⋅⋅I interactions. Structural analysis indicates that the two iodine atoms approach the platinum(II) center in a “side‐on” fashion and act as nucleophilic ligands. According to c…
Measurement of top quark and W boson polarisation observables with t-channel single-top-quark events in the ATLAS experiment
2017
El trabajo de la tesis se enmarca dentro del programa de física de la Colaboración ATLAS para el análisis de los datos producidos por el Gran Colisionador de Hadrones (LHC) situado en el CERN. La primera parte del trabajo desarrollado se centra en los estudios realizados para mejorar los algoritmos y el procedimiento seguido para el alineamiento del detector de trazas de ATLAS. El conocimiento de la posición exacta que ocupan los elementos que componen el detector de trazas determina la resolución con la que la trayectoria de una partícula puede ser reconstruida. La posición de dichos elementos se ve afectada por cambios en las condiciones de trabajo, como el apagado y encendido del sistema…
Amphoteric, prevailingly cationic L-arginine polymers of poly(amidoamino acid) structure: Synthesis, acid/base properties and preliminary cytocompati…
2013
A linear amphoteric poly(amidoamino acid), L-ARGO7, is prepared by Michael-type polyaddition of L-arginine with N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide. Chain-extension of acrylamide end-capped L-ARGO7 oligomers with piperazine leads to high-molecular-weight copolymers in which L-arginine maintains its absolute configuration. Acid/base properties of L-ARGO7 polymers show isolectric points of ≈10 and positive net average charges per repeating unit at pH = 7.4 from 0.25 to 0.40. These arginine-rich synthetic polymers possibly share some of the unique biological properties of polyarginine cell-permeating peptides. In vitro tests with mouse embryo fibroblasts balb/3T3 clone A31 show that L-ARGO7 polymers a…
Sequestration of biogenic amines by alginic and fulvic acids.
2006
The interaction of natural (alginic and fulvic acids) and synthetic (polyacrylic acid 2.0 kDa) polyelectrolytes with some protonated polyamines [diamines: ethylendiamine, 1,4-diaminobutane (or putrescine), 1,5-diaminopentane (or cadaverine); triamines: N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4diaminobutane (or spermidine), diethylenetriamine; tetramine: N.N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane (or spermine); pentamine: tetraethylene-pentamine; hexamine: pentaethylenehexamine] was studied at T=25 degrees C by potentiometry and calorimetry. Measurements were performed without supporting electrolyte, in order to avoid interference, and results were reported at I=0 mol L(-1). For all the systems, the formation of…
Halogen-Bonded Co-Crystals of Aromatic N-oxides : Polydentate Acceptors for Halogen and Hydrogen Bonds
2017
The C-ethyl-2-methylresorcinarene (1) forms 1:1 in-cavity complexes with aromatic N,N′-dioxides, only if each of the aromatic rings has an N−O group. The structurally different C-shaped 2,2′-bipyridine N,N′-dioxide (2,2′-BiPyNO) and the linear rod-shaped 4,4′-bipyridine N,N′-dioxide (4,4′-BiPyNO) both form 1:1 in-cavity complexes with the host resorcinarene in C4v crown and C2v conformations, respectively. In the solid state, the host–guest interactions between the 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane N,N′-dioxide (BiPyPNO) and the host 1 stabilize the unfavorable anti-gauche conformation. Contrary to the N,N′-dioxide guests, the mono-N-oxide guest, 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide (4PhPyNO), does not form an…
Population of nuclides with Z≥98 in multi-nucleon transfer reactions of 48Ca + 248Cm
2019
The results for nuclei above curium, produced in multi-nucleon transfer reactions of 48Ca + 248Cm at the velocity filter SHIP of GSI Darmstadt, are presented. Spontaneous fission and α-activities have been used to study the population of nuclei with lifetimes ranging from few milliseconds to several days. We observed several, relatively neutron-rich isotopes with atomic numbers Z≥98; among them a weak 224 millisecond activity which we tentatively attributed to 260No. The measured cross-sections of the observed nuclei give hope that multi-nucleon transfer reactions are a way to reach new neutron-rich heavy and superheavy nuclei, which are not accessible in other reactions. We compare our res…
Petro-archaeology of Gallo-Roman lime mortar. Attempt to reconstruction and interpretation of the “chaînes opératoires”: from material to ancient cra…
2003
Petro-archaeological research on Gallo-Roman lime mortars is based on a simple analytical methodology: observations with optical microscopy in transmission, which brings us a maximum of data about the material and the various stages of the “chaîne opératoire”. This work enabled us to draw the general features of the craftmanship (common practices of the ancient structores and tectores), to establish the relations between mortar composition and its “primary” and “secondary” architectural function, then to perceive what are the markers and motivations of the formula adaptations. The importance of the geological environment is shown, because it induces economic and technical choices, requiring…