Search results for "aids"
showing 10 items of 232 documents
Letter Position Coding Across Modalities: The Case of Braille Readers
2012
BackgroundThe question of how the brain encodes letter position in written words has attracted increasing attention in recent years. A number of models have recently been proposed to accommodate the fact that transposed-letter stimuli like jugde or caniso are perceptually very close to their base words.MethodologyHere we examined how letter position coding is attained in the tactile modality via Braille reading. The idea is that Braille word recognition may provide more serial processing than the visual modality, and this may produce differences in the input coding schemes employed to encode letters in written words. To that end, we conducted a lexical decision experiment with adult Braille…
Neurobiological roots of language in primate audition : common computational properties
2015
Here, we present a new perspective on an old question: how does the neurobiology of human language relate to brain systems in nonhuman primates? We argue that higher-order language combinatorics, including sentence and discourse processing, can be situated in a unified, cross-species dorsal-ventral streams architecture for higher auditory processing, and that the functions of the dorsal and ventral streams in higher-order language processing can be grounded in their respective computational properties in primate audition. This view challenges an assumption, common in the cognitive sciences, that a nonhuman primate model forms an inherently inadequate basis for modeling higher-level language…
Flupirtine protects both neuronal cells and lymphocytes against induced apoptosis in vitro: Implications for treatment of AIDS patients
1999
In the present study we demonstrate that flupirtine, an already clinically used, centrally acting, non-opiate analgesic agent, protects rat cortical neurons against HIV-gp120 induced apoptotic cell death. The drug was active at concentrations between 1 and 10 microg/ml. Furthermore we show inhibition of in vitro induced apoptosis in human blood mononuclear cells, using flupirtine. Induced apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals and HIV-1 infected patients was reduced to approximately 50% after in vitro preincubation with flupirtine at concentrations between 0.1 and 10 microg/ml. The anti-apoptotic effect of flupirtine was restricted to CD3+ lymphocytes and i…
Monoclonal antibodies with subnanomolar affinity to tenofovir for monitoring adherence to antiretroviral therapies: from hapten synthesis to prototyp…
2020
Approximately 32 million people have died of HIV infection since the beginning of the outbreak, and 38 million are currently infected. Among strategies adopted by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS to end the AIDS global epidemic, the treatment, diagnosis, and viral suppression of the infected subjects are considered crucial for HIV prevention and transmission. Although several antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are successfully used to manage HIV infection, their efficacy strictly relies on perfect adherence to the therapy, which is seldom achieved. Patient supervision, especially in HIV-endemic, low-resource settings, requires rapid, easy-to-use, and affordable analytical tools, such …
Herbal hepatotoxicity: a hidden epidemic
2011
Complementary and alternative therapies, including herbal products, have become increasingly popular in the general population and among patients and physicians. Regulations and pharmacovigilance regarding herbal drugs are still incomplete and need to be improved. In fact, herbals are commonly marketed on the Internet, and in many countries they are sold as food supplements, which are beyond the control of drug regulatory agencies. In Europe and the U.S., reports of hepatotoxicity from these products, including those advertised for liver diseases, are accumulating. Many herbal drugs are also commonly used in children, and in women during pregnancy and lactation, because they are believed to…
The 2-5A System and HIV Infection
1994
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The progression of this retro viral disease is associated with various clinical manifestations, including the acquisition of an immunodeficient state, the frequent presence of neurological disorders, and some malignancies (reviewed in Barre-Sinoussi et al. 1983; Wong-Staal and Gallo 1985; Fauci 1988). Immunologic dysfunctions caused by HIV-1 infection include disorders in the production of cytokines (Murray et al. 1984; Abb et al. 1986). For example, a significant decrease in the production of interferon-α (IFN-α) by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from pat…
Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Devel…
2020
BACKGROUND: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages". While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For …
Understanding Deafhood: in search of its meanings.
2013
The authors argue that Deafhood (a term coined by Dr. Paddy Ladd) is an open-ended concept with an essentialist core. They describe how deaf people who have attended their Deafhood lectures and workshops have perceived different aspects of the Deafhood concept, and compare the basic tenets of Deafhood and criticisms on Deafhood to theories and criticisms on feminist essentialisms. The authors find that the vagueness and wideness of the Deafhood concept is one of its strengths, though they also find that it is in some respects problematic to combine and unite ontology and liberation theory in one concept. They further suggest that the ontological aspects of Deafhood need to be foregrounded. …
Liposomally-entrapped ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients
1992
Treatment of retinitis by cytomegalovirus (CMV) in AIDS patients requires frequent repetitive injections of intravitreal ganciclovir (GCV). This study was undertaken to establish experimentally whether the intravitreal application of liposomally-entrapped GCV could prolong intraocular therapeutic levels when compared with the intravitreal injection of free GCV, and the clinical effectiveness of this approach in AIDS patients. Intraocular concentration of GCV was determined by means of an ELISA test in rabbit vitreous 2, 3, 7, and 14 days after a single intravitreal injection of either different doses of the free drug (0.2-20 mg) or 1 mg of liposomally-entrapped GCV. After 72 h, only the vit…
GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS DURING USE OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS FOR ORTHOPEDIC DISEASES
2011
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are molecules that inhibit the functionality of cyclooxygenase, resulting in suppression of prostaglandin production. Primary physicians and specialist clinics frequently prescribe NSAIDs for the treatment of osteoarticular diaseases such as tendinitis, bursitis, synovitis, spondylitis and osteoarthritis. This analysis aims to study gastrointestinal complications in orthopedic patients, caused by the use of NSAIDs, employng esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy.