Search results for "allocation"
showing 10 items of 538 documents
Rethinking the Finance of Post-Compulsory Education
2010
Throughout the world, the finance of education is in serious crisis. The crisis of educational finance is not limited to the problem of meeting the obligations of societies to provide some minimum amount of compulsory education for their students. This minimum does not assure the preparation of an appropriately trained labour force in a world that is increasingly technicological and in which a competitive economy requires the remplacement of traditional production processes with others based on sophisticated labour and capital. The rapid growth of post-compulsory systems of education is no longer a luxury, but a necessity for industrialization and economic development.
Subsidization of higher education versus expansion of primary enrollments : what can a shift of resources achieve in Sub-Saharan Africa ?
1985
International audience; In many LDCs today, the distribution of public resources for education tends to be inefficient and inequitable in that subsidization often increases rather than decreases with the level of education. To improve efficiency and equity, a shift of resources from higher to primary education should therefore be considered. Such a shift would obviously imply an increase in the private cost of higher education, but its effect could be mitigated through a loan scheme. In this paper, our main purpose is to show what a cut in subsidies to higher education can achieve in terms of expanding primary enrollments. The results show that although the outcome differs from country to c…
Time allocation during Higher education : a study of Brazilian, French and Spanish students
1995
International audience; The results we present enable us to highlight common features and disparities in the way students from the three countries organize their time. While the lecture attendance time varies little from one country to another, it is different for other elements of time use. The Spaniards in particular seem to spend more time on personal work and the Brazilians more often have paid employment. The initial comparison should however be regarded as provisional in that no systematic correlation was made with educational policies in each country. Certainly, the lack of grants system in Brazil is linked to the significant amount of available time spent on salaried work but it wou…
On the mechanics of progress in primary education
2003
03045; International audience; As countries grow rich, education improves in many ways. The sector enjoys more resources for education per primary school-aged child, not because of bigger budget allocations, nor an easing of the demographic burden on the system, but because the cost of inputs, especially teacher salaries, decline substantially relative to the per capita GNP. The extra resources enable countries to expand coverage and reduce the pupil–teacher ratio, with the latter receiving increasing emphasis during the past 20 years. The implicit trade-off against coverage raises questions about the efficiency and equity of education policies in developing countries, particularly in setti…
The Economic Value of Volatility Transmission Between the Stock and Bond Markets
2008
This study has two main objectives. Firstly, volatility transmission between stocks and bonds in European markets is studied using the two most important financial assets in these fields: the DJ Euro Stoxx 50 index futures contract and the Euro Bund futures contract. Secondly, a trading rule for the major European futures contracts is designed. This rule can be applied to different markets and assets to analyze the economic significance of volatility spillovers observed between them. The results indicate that volatility spillovers take place in both directions and that the stock-bond trading rule offers very profitable returns after transaction costs. These results have important implicatio…
Strategic sharing of a costly network
2012
We study minimum cost spanning tree problems for a set of users connected to a source. Prim’s algorithm provides a way of finding the minimum cost tree mm. This has led to several definitions in the literature, regarding how to distribute the cost. These rules propose different cost allocations, which can be understood as compensations and/or payments between players, with respect to the status quo point: each user pays for the connection she uses to be linked to the source. In this paper we analyze the rationale behind a distribution of the minimum cost by defining an a priori transfer structure. Our first result states the existence of a transfer structure such that no user is willing to …
Dynamic Asset Allocation Strategies Basedon Unexpected Volatility
2014
The author documents that at the aggregate stock market level, unexpected volatility is negatively related to expected future returns, and positively related to future volatility. The author demonstrates how the predictive ability of unexpected volatility can be utilized in dynamic asset allocation strategies that deliver a substantial improvement in terms of risk-adjusted performance as compared to traditional buy-and-hold strategies. In addition, the author shows that active strategies based on unexpected volatility outperform the popular active strategy with a volatility target mechanism, and have some edge over the popular market timing strategy with a 10-month simple moving average rul…
La insuficiencia de las actuales políticas de fomento de cooperativas y sociedades laborales frente a la crisis en España
2014
El objeto del presente artículo es analizar las políticas de fomento de cooperativas y sociedades laborales durante este periodo de crisis, identificando los principales dispositivos existentes y los de nueva implantación, evaluando su alcance y valorando su nivel de eficacia. Se han distinguido tres grupos de políticas de fomento, las políticas tradicionales de fomento, las políticas de nuevo cuño, incluyendo en estas últimas las medidas urdidas por los gobiernos regionales y la nueva ley de economía social y finalmente las políticas de austeridad. Se concluye, en primer lugar, que las cooperativas y sociedades laborales no constituyen un sector muy subvencionado dado que el alcance de est…
Software Defined Machine-to-Machine Communication for Smart Energy Management in Power Grids
2020
The successful realization of smart energy management relies on ubiquitous and reliable information exchange among millions of sensors and actuators deployed in the field with little or no human intervention. This motivates us to introduce a unified communication framework for smart energy management by exploring the integration of software-defined networking (SDN) with M2M communication. In this chapter, the overall design of the software-defined M2M (SD-M2M) framework is presented, with an emphasis on its technical contributions to cost reduction, fine granularity resource allocation, and end-to-end QoS guarantee. Then, a case study is conducted for a electric vehicle energy management sy…
A novel frequency reuse scheme for coordinated multi-point transmission
2010
La transmisión multipunto coordinada (CoMP) se considera en 3GPP LTE-Advanced como una técnica clave para mejorar el rendimiento en el borde de la célula. Con el fin de apoyar la asignación conjunta de asignación de recursos entre células coordinadas en sistemas CoMP, es necesario diseñar esquemas eficientes de reutilización de frecuencias. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los esquemas de reutilización de frecuencias existentes no son adecuados para transmisión CoMP debido a que no consideran el escenario de transmisión conjunta multicelular en su regla de reutilización de frecuencias. Para resolver este problema, en este trabajo se propone un esquema de reutilización de frecuencias que divide el…