Search results for "battery"
showing 10 items of 315 documents
Optimization of BESS Capacity Under a Peak Load Shaving Strategy
2018
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are becoming increasingly competitive in the global energy landscape, thanks to the strong cost reduction that has taken place in recent years and it is expected to continue in the next future. Among the many benefits BESSs can provide, time shifting can be exploited by electricity consumers to save on the electricity bill, charging the storage during the off-peak hours and discharging when the cost of electricity is high. This paper describes a simple procedure to optimize the BESS capacity under a peak load shaving strategy, in presence of a time-of-use (TOU) electricity rate, able to guarantee, at the same time, the flattest daily power diagram and …
DEMAND Project: A Peak Load Shaving Strategy for End-User Consumers
2018
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are becoming increasingly widespread in modern power systems, thanks to the important benefits they can provide to the electricity grid. Indeed, BESS can be used in time shifting applications, storing energy during off-peak periods and discharging during peak times (when the cost of electricity is high). When BESS are used for peak shaving purposes, they also contribute to relieve peak demand charges, thus ensuring a saving for the consumers. This paper describes a peak load shaving strategy defined within the DEMAND project. The strategy is able to guarantee the flattest daily power diagram and the maximum benefit for the electricity consumers, reducin…
Battery- and Petrol-Powered Chainsaws: An Investigation of Productivity in Conifer Thinning
2023
In recent years, battery technology has been greatly improved and some types of battery chainsaws are currently comparable with light-type petrol machines, suggesting their possible introduction into forest operations. In this context, the aim of this study was to test and compare the performance, in a Douglas-fir thinning, of two chainsaws similar in terms of weight and power, the Stihl MS 220 CB battery-powered saw and the Stihl MS 201 CM petrol-powered saw, measuring the working times and calculating the productivities. The results showed that, within a working day (about 6 h gross time), an average of 15 trees of 0.56 m3 was felled in each area. No statistically significant differences …
Effect of doping and crystallite size on the electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12
2016
Defect spinel phase lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) has been suggested as a promising negative electrode material for next generation lithium ion batteries. Flame spray pyrolysis has been shown to be a viable fast, one-step process for synthesis of nanoparticulate Li4Ti5O12. However, due to the rapid quenching that is integral to the process the crystallite size remain very small and non-uniform. To overcome this shortcoming a vertical flow tube furnace was used to increase the high-temperature residence time. This resulted in an increase in the crystallite size and crystallinity of the product. As a result of this increase the electrochemical performance of the Li4Ti5O12 was markedly improved…
Comparing the Productivity of the Latest Models of Li-Ion Battery and Petrol Chainsaws in a Conifer Clear-Cut Site
2023
The recent technological development of batteries has allowed the production of powerful tools that are also used in forestry operations. For this reason, this study aimed to compare the performance of two latest chainsaw models in a conifer clear-cut. The examined chainsaws, the battery-powered Stihl MSA 300 and the petrol-powered MS 261 C-M, have comparable power and weight. The overall working times were recorded and then gross, net and felling/processing productivities were quantified. Our findings reported that in a working day (7.4 h gross time), each chainsaw felled and processed an average of 20 trees of 0.64 m3 with an average diameter at breast height of 28 cm. Considering the net…
Dry chlorination of spent nickel metal hydride battery waste for water leaching of battery metals and rare earth elements
2022
An efficient leaching process was developed for nickel, cobalt, and the rare earth elements (REEs) from spent nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery waste. The process involves dry chlorination with ammonium chloride in low temperature to produce water-soluble chlorinated compounds, followed by simple water leaching. The factors affecting the conversion and solubilization were studied, including the amount of ammonium chloride, residence time and temperature in dry chlorination, and solid to liquid ratio, time and temperature in water leaching. As a result, the dry chlorination process was found to produce ammonium and chloride containing products, depending on the temperature of the process: …
Trattamento medico arbitrario e responsabilità penale
2023
Il problema della rilevanza penale del trattamento medico arbitrario, ossia della condotta terapeutica realizzata a regola d’arte ma senza il consenso del paziente, ha dato vita nella dottrina penalistica a un vivace dibattito, all’interno del quale si sono confrontate le più diverse ricostruzioni dogmatiche. Queste si sono soffermate, oltre che sulle conseguenze penali da riconoscere al trattamento arbitrario, soprattutto sul fondamento giustificativo dell’intera professione medica, individuato alternativamente in svariati ambiti dell’antigiuridicità o in sede di tipicità. Le varie soluzioni prospettate non sono riuscite però a porre fine al dibattito, che ha avuto ripercussioni sulla giur…
Lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: combining Environmental and Social Life Cycle Assessments
2018
Electric vehicles (xEV) are a key low carbon technology for mobility. Although xEV have no tailpipe emissions, the production of traction batteries leads to environmental and social burdens. In this context, authors assess the environmental and social impacts of a cell of Lithium ion traction battery in order to identify the most relevant aspects and the potential added value of performing both the assessments. Results show the relevance of the resources in terms of both environmental and social impacts. Moreover, the social assessment results pointed out the relevance of the geographical boundaries, often overlooked for in the environmental analysis. The combination of both the assessment …
Considering lithium-ion battery 3D-printing via thermoplastic material extrusion and polymer powder bed fusion
2021
In this paper, the ability to 3D print lithium-ion batteries through thermoplastic material extrusion and polymer powder bed fusion is considered. Focused on the formulation of positive electrodes composed of polypropylene, LiFePO4 as active material, and conductive additives, advantages and drawbacks of both additive manufacturing technologies, are thoroughly discussed from the electrochemical, electrical, morphological and mechanical perspectives. Based on these preliminary results, strategies to further optimize the electrochemical performances are proposed. Through a comprehensive modeling study, the enhanced electrochemical suitability at high current densities of various complex three…
Performance of Lead-Acid Batteries with Nanostructured Electrodes at Different Temperature
2018
In this work we present innovative lead-acid batteries with nanostructured electrodes, which are cycled in a wide range of temperatures typically of lead-acid commercial batteries (EN 61427-1: 2013). In comparison to parameters usually used to commercial batteries, much more stressful conditions in terms of cut-off, charge/discharge rate and discharge were imposed.