Search results for "budget"
showing 10 items of 255 documents
Mercury fluxes from volcanic and geothermal sources: an update
2014
We review the state of knowledge on global volcanogenic Hg emissions to the atmosphere and present new data from seven active volcanoes (Poás, Rincón de la Vieja, Turrialba, Aso, Mutnovsky, Gorely and Etna) and two geothermal fields (Las Pailas and Las Hornillas). The variability of Hg contents (c. 4–125 ng m−3) measured in gaseous emissions reflects the dynamic nature of volcanic plumes, where the abundances of volatiles are determined by the physical nature of degassing and variable air dilution. Based on our dataset and previous work, we propose that an average Hg/SO2 plume mass ratio of c. 7.8×10−6 (±1.5×10−6; 1 SE, n=13) is best representative of open-conduit quiescent degassing. Takin…
Redistribution of tax resources: a cooperative game theory approach
2021
AbstractWe consider the problem of how to distribute public expenditure among the different regions of an economic entity after all taxes have been collected. Typical examples are: the regions that make up a country, the states of a federal country, or the countries of a confederation of countries. We model the problem as a cooperative game in coalitional form, called the tax game. This game estimates the fiscal resources collected in each region, or coalition of regions, by differentiating between what comes from economic activity within each region and what comes from trade with the other regions. This methodology provides a measure of the disagreement within a region, or coalitions of re…
The system of European Security in Modern History
2020
The challenges and threats that arise in the modern international system in the new millennium require coordinated and timely action by the European community. To ensure the main tasks of peaceful coexistence and economic and political development of the continent, the security system in Europe needs constant improvement and adaptation to new conditions. It is important to clarify the main threats that appear in today's security environment of Europe and to identify issues that should be solved by political leaders of countries and international organizations. Establishing of a collective security system against aggressive actions of the hybrid character by the Russian Federation, terrorist…
Budżet obywatelski – analiza porównawcza Gorzowa Wielkopolskiego i Opola
2020
Pojęcie budżetu obywatelskiego jako szczególnej formy konsultacji społecznych zostało wprowadzone do ustawy o samorządzie gminnym dopiero w 2018 r. Mieszkańcy danego miasta są corocznie decydentami w zakresie części wydatków budżetu gminy. Przykładem dobrych praktyk są omawiane w niniejszym artykule Opole, gdzie rozwiązanie to wprowadzono w 2014 r. (I edycja budżetu na 2015 r.) oraz Gorzów Wielkopolski, który wprowadził budżet obywatelski już w 2012 r. (I edycja budżetu na 2013 r.). W artykule wskazano na podobieństwa i różnice proceduralne wynikające z regulaminów budżetów obywatelskich obu miast, a następnie przedstawiono podział środków finansowych w ramach budżetów oraz kategorie zadań …
Joint Power Allocation and Link Selection for Multi-Carrier Buffer Aided Relay Network
2019
In this paper, we present a joint power allocation and adaptive link selection protocol for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based network consists of one source node i.e., base station (BS), one destination node i.e., (MU) and a buffer aided decode and forward (DF) relay node. Our objective is to maximize the average throughput of the system via power loading over different subcarriers at source and relay nodes. A separate power budget is assumed at each transmitting node to make the system more practical. In order to form our solution more tractable, a decomposition framework is implemented to solve the mixed integer optimization problem. Further, less complex suboptim…
The love of money and work‐related attitudes
2004
This study examines the love of money and work‐related attitudes and identifies four money profiles based on a sample of citizens in the Republic of Macedonia. Achieving Money Worshipers (the highest scores on Factors Success, Motivator, and Budget and the lowest on Evil) had the highest active involvement in work activities. Careless Money Admirers (the lowest score on Factor Budget) had the highest external locus of control, the highest involvement, and lowest success avoidance. Apathetic Money Managers (the lowest scores on Factors Success and Motivator) had the highest internal locus of control and the lowest involvement. Money Repellent Individuals (the highest score on Factor Evil) ha…
Réforme de l'éducation et contrainte budgétaire durant la transition dans la communauté des états indépendants (CEI)
1997
Actual attaintments of educational systems in the countries which were part of USSR are presently threatened by a tremendous decrease in their finan cial ressources. This decrease is the consequency of lack of tax receipts. The substitution of family expenditure for State expenditure is occuring in a context of anarchy and inconsistency and jeopardizes the system balance. More drastic reforms are necessary to improve the situation in the field of welfare teachers management.
Unsteady turbulence in plane channel flow
2011
Abstract Direct numerical simulations were conducted for oscillating flow with zero time mean (reciprocating flow) in a plane channel subject to a harmonic forcing term of varying amplitude and frequency. The results confirmed the existence of four flow regimes (laminar, “disturbed laminar”, intermittently turbulent, and fully turbulent) depending on the above parameters. The flow behaviour was found to depend on the complex interplay of mean and turbulence quantities, as described by the closed loop formed by the streamwise Reynolds-averaged momentum equation in conjunction with the exact transport equations for the turbulent (Reynolds) stresses. A crucial role in this loop appeared to be …
Turbulence structure and budgets in curved pipes
2013
Abstract Turbulent flow in curved pipes was investigated by Direct Numerical Simulation. Three curvatures δ (pipe radius a /curvature radius c ) were examined: δ = 0 (straight pipe), simulated for validation and comparison purposes; δ = 0.1; and δ = 0.3. The friction velocity Reynolds number (based on the pipe radius a ) was 500 in all cases, yielding bulk Reynolds numbers of ∼17,000, ∼15,000 and ∼12,000 for δ = 0, 0.1 and 0.3, respectively. The computational domain was ten pipe radii in length and was resolved by up to 20 × 10 6 hexahedral finite volumes. The time step was chosen equal to a wall time unit; 1 Large Eddy TurnOver Time (LETOT) was thus resolved by 500 time steps and simul…
Power system consumption model using SPICE
2014
Space missions have very stringent mass, volume and also power budgets. This requires very precise knowledge of the power consumption of the whole satellite, not only peak power but also static and long term dynamic power. This calculation becomes very complex if all the operational modes (long term dynamic changes) are taken into account, including the different environmental situations. The power budget of any Power Converter Module (PCM), which includes not only the DC/DC converter but also the distribution unit, depends on the power it delivers and on external factors like temperature and input voltage. We propose to use a linear SPICE model using electronic models of discrete component…