Search results for "carbamazepine"
showing 10 items of 45 documents
Reduction of nevirapine-driven HIV mutations by carbamazepine is modulated by CYP3A activity
2014
Item does not contain fulltext OBJECTIVES: The reduction in mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 by single-dose nevirapine given at birth onset is achieved at the expense of de novo HIV-1 resistance mutations. In the VITA1 study, single-dose carbamazepine accelerated nevirapine elimination, but the accompanying trend towards fewer de novo HIV-1 mutations was statistically non-significant. METHODS: We investigated if the effect of carbamazepine was confounded by the individual variability in nevirapine metabolism and transport. RESULTS: Nine of 34 (26%) single-dose nevirapine-treated women had one or more nevirapine-associated resistance mutations, compared with 3 of 34 (9%) in the single-d…
Action of anticonvulsants on hippocampal slices in Mg-free medium
1989
The effects of six prototype anticonvulsant drugs were investigated on epileptiform field potential discharges evoked in hippocampal slices of rats by removing magnesium ions from the perfusion fluid in order to reveal a possible interaction with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation. All drugs reduced the multiple discharges with the following order of potency: midazolam greater than carbamazepine = phenytoin = phenobarbital greater than ethosuximide = valproate. They had a stronger depressant effect on the later population spikes but none of them abolished the epileptiform discharge. These effects can be explained by known mechanisms of action of the anticonvulsants tested and l…
Uptake from water, biotransformation, and biliary excretion of pharmaceuticals by rainbow trout.
2011
An urgent need exists to assess the exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals. The aim of the present study was to assess the uptake and metabolism of waterborne pharmaceuticals in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A further objective was to determine the possibility of monitoring exposure to low levels of pharmaceuticals by bile assays. Rainbow trout were exposed for 10 d under flow-through conditions to mixtures of five pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, bisoprolol, and carbamazepine) at high and low concentrations. The low concentration was used to mimic the conditions prevailing in the vicinity of the discharge points of wastewater treatment plants. The uptake and the biocon…
Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney in infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy
2007
Prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) increases the risk of major congenital malformations (MCM) in the fetus. AED-related abnormalities include heart and neural tube defects, cleft palate, and urogenital abnormalities. Among the various congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) disease is one of the most severe expressions. Although prenatal ultrasound (US) examination has increased the prenatal diagnosis of MCDK, the pathogenesis is still unclear. We report on four cases of MCDK in infants of epileptic women treated with AEDs during pregnancy. From October 2003 to June 2006, we observed four infants with unilateral MCDK bo…
Atypical Facial Pain
2003
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses “atypical facial pain,” which was introduced originally to distinguish trigeminal neuralgia from other facial pain syndromes. The term “atypical facial pain” is also used mostly as a residual category for otherwise unclassifiable pain syndromes in the facial region. The International Headache Society defines atypical facial pain as a persistent facial pain that does not have the characteristics of the cranial neuralgias and is not associated with physical signs or demonstrable organic causes. It is present daily and persists for most or all of the day. It is confined at onset to a limited area on one side of the face and may spread to the upper and l…
Characteristics and treatment of Multiple Sclerosis-related trigeminal neuralgia: An Italian multi-centre study
2019
Abstract Background The prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients is higher than in the general population and its management can be particularly challenging. Our aim is to describe the characteristics, treatment and prognostic factors of MS-related TN in a retrospective multicentre study. Methods Neurologists members of the RIREMS group (Rising Researchers in MS) enrolled MS patients with a TN diagnosis and filled out a spreadsheet comprising their clinical data. Results Population consisted of 298 patients. First-choice preventive treatments were carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine. A surgical procedure was performed in 81 (30%) patients, most commonly gamma …
Effects of EPHX1 and CYP3A4 polymorphisms on carbamazepine metabolism in epileptic patients
2014
Antonietta Caruso, Chiara Bellia, Alessia Pivetti, Luisa Agnello, Federica Bazza, Concetta Scazzone, Giulia Bivona, Bruna Lo Sasso, Marcello CiaccioDepartment of Biopathology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, ItalyBackground: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two genetic polymorphisms in the coding regions (exon 3 and exon 4) of the EPHX1 gene, ie, 337T>C and 416A>G, respectively, on the metabolism of carbamazepine (CBZ) 10,11-epoxide (the active metabolite of CBZ) by evaluating the variation in serum CBZ 10,11-epoxide levels 4 hours after administration of the drug. Moreover, we reported the genotype frequencies of …
Neue Antiepileptika in der Entwicklung. Substanzen mit neuen Wirkmechanismen
2007
Unbestritten ist, dass sich durch den Einsatz von Antiepileptika der 2. Generation die Situation fur Epilepsiepatienten entscheidend verbessert hat. Dennoch bleibt ein Patientenklientel, bei dem keine ausreichende Anfallskontrolle erreicht wird, das therapierefraktar ist oder im Verlauf der Behandlung wird. Weiterentwicklungen von AEDs aus der 2. Generation (“follow-up compounds”) bzw. Wirkstoffe mit neuen Strukturen und Wirkmechanismen konnten zukunftig diese Lucke fullen.
Influence of carbenoxolone on the anticonvulsant efficacy of conventional antiepileptic drugs against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice
2004
Carbenoxolone, the succinyl ester of glycyrrhetinic acid, is an inhibitor of 11beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase and gap junctional intercellular communication. It is currently used in clinical treatment of ulcer diseases. Systemic administration of carbenoxolone (1-40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) was able to produce a dose-dependent decrease in DBA/2 audiogenic seizure severity score. Glycyrrhizin, an analogue of carbenoxolone inactive at the gap-junction level, was unable to affect audiogenic seizures at doses up to 30 mg/kg. In combination with conventional antiepileptic drugs, carbenoxolone, 0.5 mg/kg, i.p., which per se did not significantly affect the occurrence of audiogenic sei…
Antiepileptic drug use in nursing home residents: a cross-sectional, regional study.
2006
Summary The use of antiepileptic drugs (AED), their primary indication, comorbid conditions, and concomitant medications were collected from 565 nursing homes (NH) residents of six NH located around the city of Mainz, Germany representing 5.05% of all NH residents in the area. Data were collected from the electronic pharmacy files and by reviewing all available medical records. Average age was 82.2±2.4 years, 85.5% were women. Of 565 NH residents 28 (4.96%) received AED therapy, of which in 17 (63%) AED were prescribed for a seizure-related diagnosis. In 76.5% seizure types were unspecified and a distinction in focal and generalized epilepsy was made in only 23.5% of patients. Three patient…