Search results for "carbohydrate"
showing 10 items of 882 documents
The Role Played by Ionic Liquids in Carbohydrates Conversion into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural: A Recent Overview
2022
Obtaining industrially relevant products from abundant, cheap, renewable, and low-impacting sources such as lignocellulosic biomass, is a key step in reducing consumption of raw fossil materials and, consequently, the environmental footprint of such processes. In this regard, a molecule that is similar to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) plays a pivotal role, since it can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass and gives synthetic access to a broad range of industrially important products and polymers. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as suitable solvents for the conversion of biomass and carbohydrates into 5-HMF. Herein, we provide a bird’s-eye view on recent achievements about t…
Effects of carbohydrate content on body composition during weight loss in female fitness competitors
2017
Introduction. Bodybuilders and fitness competitors are aiming to reduce fat mass and maintain lean mass during the competition phase. Low carbohydrate diets compared to low fat diets have claimed to be more effective in weight loss, but the results are still controversial. Low carbohydrate intake and high protein intake have been reported in bodybuilders during the diet, but the evidence of its effectiveness is limited. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of carbohydrate content on body composition during weight loss in female fitness competitors. Methods. A total of 50 female subjects participated in this study, 27 were competitors, and 23 were weight training stable controls.…
Chemical Pretreatments of Wood Chips Prior to Alkaline Pulping - A Review of Pretreatment Alternatives, Chemical Aspects of the Resulting Liquors, an…
2015
The chemical industry is being forced to evaluate new strategies for more effective utilization of renewable feedstocks to diminish the use of fossil resources. In this literature review, the integration of both acidic and alkaline pretreatment phases of hardwood and softwood chips with chemical pulping is discussed. Depending on the pretreatment conditions, high-volume sulfur-free fractions with varying chemical compositions can be produced. In case of acidic pretreatments, the major products include carbohydrates (mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides), whereas under alkaline (i.e., aqueous NaOH) pretreatment conditions, the sulfur-free fractions of aliphatic carboxylic acids, lignin, and ex…
Cytochrome-P450 phosphorylation as a functional switch
2002
Xenobiotic metabolizing cytochromes P450 (CYP) were shown to be phosphorylated in vitro (using purified protein kinases together with purified CYPs), in intact cells (in V79 cells after transfection of cDNAs coding for individual CYPs, in diagnostic mutants, in hepatocytes), and in whole organisms (rats). CYP phosphorylation is highly isoenzyme selective in that only some CYPs are phosphorylated. Protein kinase A (PKA) was identified as a major catalyst for the phosphorylation of CYPs. The PKA recognition motif Arg-Arg-X-Ser is present in several members of the CYP2 family, but is used by only some of them, most notably by CYP2B1/2B2 and CYP2E1. For CYP2B1 it was shown that a substantial po…
A Review on Molybdenum Determination in Solid Geological Samples
2007
This review highlights the necessity for the development of proper sampling and storage, fast pretreatment methodology followed by highly sensitive detection for the determination of molybdenum in geological samples. Distribution of concentration and chemical speciation of molybdenum analysis in solid geological matrices have also been discussed.
Properties and significance of apoFNR as a second form of air-inactivated [4Fe-4S]·FNR of Escherichia coli
2005
The active form of the oxygen sensor fumarate nitrate reductase regulator (FNR) of Escherichia coli contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster which is converted to a [2Fe-2S] cluster after reaction with air, resulting in inactivation of FNR. Reaction of reconstituted [4Fe-4S].FNR with air resulted within 5 min in conversion to apoFNR. The rate was comparable to the rate known for [4Fe-4S].FNR/[2Fe-2S].FNR cluster conversion, suggesting that apoFNR is a product of [2Fe-2S].FNR decomposition and a final form of air-inactivated FNR in vitro. Formation of apoFNR and the redox state of the cysteinyl residues were determined in vitro by alkylation. FNR contains five cysteinyl residues, four of which (Cys20, Cy…
Phosphorylation of the Goodpasture antigen by type A protein kinases.
1995
Collagen IV is the major component of basement membranes. The human alpha 3 chain of collagen IV contains an antigenic domain called the Goodpasture antigen that is the target for the circulating immunopathogenic antibodies present in patients with Goodpasture syndrome. Characteristically, the gene region encoding the Goodpasture antigen generates multiple alternative products that retain the antigen amino-terminal region with a five-residue motif (KRGDS). The serine therein appears to be the major in vitro cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site in the isolated antigen and can be phosphorylated in vitro by two protein kinases of approximately 50 and 41 kDa associated with human …
The fnr Gene of Bacillus licheniformis and the Cysteine Ligands of the C-Terminal FeS Cluster
1998
Many of the O2-responsive gene regulators of bacteria are members of the fumarate nitrate reductase-cyclic AMP receptor protein family of transcriptional regulators (12, 13, 15, 17) with predicted structures similar to those of the cyclic AMP receptor protein (11). The Fnr (stands for fumarate nitrate reductase regulator) protein from Escherichia coli (FnrEc) controls the expression of a variety of genes, mainly of anaerobic respiration and metabolism (5, 13). It contains a N-terminal cluster of three essential cysteine residues which are supposed to bind together with Cys122 a [4Fe 4S]2+ cluster which is required for O2 sensing (4, 7, 8, 10, 16). A wide variety of gram-negative bacteria co…
The Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C-Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) is Sequentially Phosphorylated by Conventional, Novel and Atypical Isotypes of Protein Kin…
1995
The myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) is the major protein kinase C (PKC) substrate in many cell types including fibroblasts and brain cells. Here we describe the phosphorylation of MARCKS and the site specificity for different PKC isotypes. Conventional (c)PKC beta 1, novel (n)PKC delta and nPKC epsilon efficiently phosphorylated the MARCKS protein in vitro. The Km values were extremely low, reflecting a high affinity between kinases and substrate. The apparent affinity of nPKC delta (Km = 0.06 microM) was higher than that of nPKC epsilon and cPKC beta 1 (Km = 0.32 microM). The rate of substrate phosphorylation was inversely correlated with affinity and decreased in th…
Solvothermal Synthesis of Molybdenum–Tungsten Oxides and Their Application for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
2018
Molybdenum and tungsten oxides are of interest as semiconductors for the production of clean and sustainable energy. Here we show that synergistic effects arising from a combination of noncrystalli...