Search results for "catalog"

Management of Cultural Landscapes: What Does this Mean in the Former Soviet Union? A Case Study from Latvia

2009

Concern about changing cultural landscapes has increased recently, with the advent of the European Landscape Convention placing signatory countries in a position of having to develop action for protecting and managing cultural landscapes. In countries of the former Soviet Union the landscape underwent many changes as a result of agricultural collectivisation and its aftermath. This situation has been analysed for six sample rural municipalities (pagasts) in Latvia, one of the three former Soviet countries to join the European Union (EU), using maps from the period 1901 to 1927 (to represent the ‘traditional landscape’) and 1997 orthophotographs updated to 2000 (to represent the ‘post-Soviet…

Not Worth the Net Worth? The Democratic Dilemmas of Privileged Access to Information

2017

In this article, we discuss the democratic conditions for parliamentary oversight in EU foreign affairs. Our point of departure is two Interinstitutional Agreements (IIAs) between the Council and the European Parliament (EP), which provide the latter with access to sensitive documents. To shed light on this issue, we ask to what extent these contribute to the democratic accountability in EU foreign policy? It is argued that the IIAs have strengthened the EP’s role in EU foreign affairs by giving it access to information to which it was previously denied. This does not mean, however, that this increase in power equals a strengthening of the EP as a democratic accountability forum. First of a…

Between Differentiation and (Dis)Integration – Theoretical Explanations of a Post-Brexit European Union

2021

The authors of this paper provide a critical analysis of the most prominent theoretical vehicles employed in studying differentiated integration in contemporary, post-Brexit Europe. They discuss the descriptive, explanatory, and interpretative potential of the selected theoretical approaches that are applied at the intersection of disintegration and European differentiation discourse. “The holy grail” of the theorising of the dynamic (and accelerating) processes of (dis)integration and differentiation remains undiscovered. Nevertheless, a constant search for theoretical explanation is needed in the in-depth analyses of the current state of the European Union.

European Union directives and clinical practice in nursing education in the Nordic countries

2019

Nursing education in countries belonging to the European Union (EU) must follow EU directive requirements. The aim of this opinion paper is to explore and discuss the challenges presented by EU requirements to clinical practice in nursing education. These requirements prescribe that clinical practice must be carried out in a variety of different and specialized areas that provide care in hospital units. This may offer students only a limited range of experience; thus, they may not be fully prepared to care for patients with common diseases, and only have a restricted knowledge about the ongoing development of caring for patients at home. EU directives require that half of a nursing educati…

Fiscal visibility in the U.S. and the European Union

2001

Legal Responses to Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation in the European Union

2007

Democratic Legitimacy and the Court of Justice of the European Union

2016

The chapter on democratic legitimacy and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) focuses on whether the CJEU through judicial activism may be claimed to have established its jurisprudence beyond the bounds of democratic legitimacy. Judicial activism has to a large extent been found in cases concerning the prerogatives of the CJEU, while in relation to other issues, such as the application of fundamental rights, the CJEU has demonstrated political awareness in its use of judicial activism, which however has diminished legal certainty. In general the CJEU has acted within the bounds of democratic legitimacy, but further clarification of its jurisprudence in controversial areas may b…

European Union Protection System

2014

Traditionally, the EU law (characterised as acquis communautaire) is divided into the primary law and the secondary law. This distinction of the EU law is not based on a hierarchy of norms but, as it is justly admitted in the legal literature, on sources: if the EU primary law originates from the EU Member States as ‘Masters of the Treaty’, the EU secondary law—directly from EU institutions. In the case of IGOs (as well as other IP objects such as trade marks, designs, patents, and plant variety rights), their regulation is ensured both by the EU primary law and the EU secondary law which will be reviewed separately in Part II of the book.

Challenges in EU External Climate Change Policy-Making in the Early Post-Lisbon Era: The UNFCCC Copenhagen Negotiations

2011

The 15th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP) meeting held in Copenhagen from 7 to 18 December 2009, which took place one week after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009, has brought about rather disappointing outcomes from the perspective of the European Union (EU), which had previously displayed substantial leadership within the UN climate regime. Contrary to the EU’s objectives for the COP15 meeting, no legally binding agreement was reached to succeed the Kyoto Protocol after 2012 and the final Copenhagen Accord contained disappointingly few ambitious targets. This chapter tries to explain how this resul…

Case Comment: C-82/10 European Commission v Ireland - Judgement of the Court of Justice of the European Union, September 29, 2011 (VHI Case)

2011

This article (published online for the EJLE, see below) is the case comment on the recent judgement (September 29, 2011) of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the case No C-82/10 concerning non-life insurance. This case was initiated by the European Commission against Ireland for failure to fulfil its obligations by not covering the Voluntary Health Insurance Board by insurance supervisory scheme as provided for by relevant Directives. The above insurance institution which is the main health insurer in Ireland enjoys exemption from the supervisory scheme envisaged by relevant Directives. Ireland may maintain this exemption if its capacity is not amended; otherwise the above insti…