Search results for "cellulose"

showing 10 items of 318 documents

Untersuchungen zum oxidativen abbau nativer cellulose, 4. Stöchiometrische verhältnisse zwischen der anzahl der entstehenden spaltstellen, dem sauers…

1978

An investigation of the kinetics of cellulose degradation confirms the scheme proposed by G. V. Schulz and Mertes with the following modifications: the fast pre-stage of the degradation is missing, because there are no faster cleaving bonds in the native cellulose; the first step of the degradation (pre-oxidation) in agreement with the above mentioned authors consists in the uptake of an oxygen atom: in the second step, the scisson proper, the scheme of Staudinger and Roos is replaced by the newer and better founded scheme of Haskins and Hogsed, assuming an alkoxy-elimination; the third step (post-oxidation) finally consists in a limited number of substeps leading to a splitting off of abou…

chemistry.chemical_compoundReaction rate constantOxygen atomCellulose degradationchemistryPolymer chemistryCelluloseDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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Über die kinetik und den mechanismus der biosynthese der cellulose in den höheren pflanzen (nach versuchen an den samenhaaren der baumwolle)

1966

Abstract The quantity of cellulose synthesized on growing cotton bolls and the corresponding degree of polymerisation have been measured as a function of time. It was found that the biosynthesis proceeds in two distinct stages, beginning with a slow process yielding the “primary” cellulose with a non-uniform degree of polymerisation of about 2000–6000 followed by a more rapid process yielding a large amount of “secondary cellulose” with a high and uniform degree of polymerisation of about 14000 (mol. wt. 2.3·106). During the second stage the degree of polymerisation is independent of time. It is shown that the two kinds of cellulose correspond to the primary and secondary cell wall. In orde…

chemistry.chemical_compoundTubulechemistryPolymerizationPolymer chemistryKineticsMoleculeCelluloseFibrilBiochemistry Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous)Secondary cell wallMacromoleculeBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biophysics including Photosynthesis
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The initial stages of the heterogeneous degradation of alkali cellulose by oxygen in relation to the morphology of native cotton cellulose

2007

Treatment of cotton cellulose with sodium hydroxide solutions of varying concentration over extended periods in the absence of oxygen markedly decreases the intrinsic viscosity of both the cellulose in cuoxam and its cellulose trinitrate derivative (CTN) in acetone. Light-scattering measurements show that the molecular weight does not change while the radius of gyration decreases and the second virial coefficient increases. The narrow molecular weight distribution of the native cotton is still maintained. Mild oxidation first causes the intrinsic viscosity to increase. At more prolonged oxidation times the viscosity decreases. These results are interpreted by an intramolecular cross-linking…

chemistry.chemical_compoundViscosityChemical engineeringchemistryVirial coefficientSodium hydroxideIntrinsic viscosityPolymer chemistryGeneral EngineeringRadius of gyrationMolar mass distributionCelluloseAlkali metalJournal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia
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1969

chemistry.chemical_compoundchemistryChemical engineeringPolymer chemistryCelluloseDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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Metal-organic frameworks-based catalysts for biomass valorization

2020

Abstract The objective of this chapter is to review the most promising metal-organic framework (MOF) catalysts in biomass valorization processes in the bulk and fine chemical industries. Either bulk metal-organic frameworks, encapsulated catalytic species in MOFs, or MOF-derived catalysts are revised in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability for biomass valorization applications. The work revised here is focused on the transformation of lignocellulose biomass through purely chemical pathways. In the first part of the chapter, the few studies of cellulose hydrolysis into monosaccharides reported are commented, since this crucial first step in the valorization of hemicellulose is expec…

chemistry.chemical_compoundchemistryFuranfungiOrganic chemistryFine chemicalHemicelluloseMetal-organic frameworkAldol condensationFurfuralCatalysisFurfuryl alcohol
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Neuere untersuchungen über größe und größenverteilung der β-glukosidischen ketten nativer cellulosen

1963

Der Polymerisationsgrad Pw der β-glukosidischen Ketten der Cellulose in unbehandelten Baumwollen verschiedener Herkunft liegt etwa zwischen 8500 und 9500. Die Molekulargewichtsverteilung zeigt 3 ausgepragte Maxima beim Polymerisationsgrad 11 500, 5500 und ca. 1500. Das letztere Maximum gehort wahrscheinlich zum Cellulosematerial der Primarwand, wahrend die beiden anderen Maxima dem Material der Sekundarwand angehoren. Die hohe Einheitlichkeit und der grose Mengenanteil des zum hochsten Maximum (bei P = 11 500) gehorenden Celluloseanteils legt es nahe, fur die biochemische Synthese der Cellulose einen POISSONmechanismus oder einen Matritzenmechanismus anzunehmen. Fasercellulosen aus anderen …

chemistry.chemical_compoundchemistryPolymer chemistryCelluloseSecondary cell wallDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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Absolutes Molekulargewicht und Molekulargewichtsverteilung von nativer, unbelichteter Baumwollcellulose

1965

An ausgereifter Cellulose einer noch geschlossenen Baumwollkapsel wurde das Molekulargewicht nach der Lichtstreuungsmethode bestimmt. Danach besitzt die native, unbelichtete Baumwollcellulose einen Polymerisationsgrad von Pw = 12500 ±10%. Der Wertsteht in guter Ubereinstimmung mit den Polymerisationsgraden, die am selben Praparat und in fruheren kinetischen Arbeiten an nativer Cellulose aus den gemessenen STAUDINGER-Indices mit der Eichbeziehung [η] = 4,46·P0,76 erhalten wurden. Ferner wurde am gleichen Praparat die Molekulargewichtsverteilung ermittelt. Eine Gegenuberstellung mit der Verteilung einer Baumwollcellulose bei 18% Umsatz zeigt, das der Polymerisationsgrad der Sekundarwandcellul…

chemistry.chemical_compoundchemistryPolymer chemistryMolar mass distributionCelluloseDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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Untersuchungen zum oxidativen abbau nativer cellulose. I. Das anfangsstadium des heterogenen abbaus von alkalicellulose aus baumwolle und eine bezieh…

1973

Behandlung nativer Baumwollcellulose mit NaOH verschiedener Konzentration uber langere Zeiten unter Reinstickstoff vermindert den STAUDINGER-Index der Cellulose in CUOXAM und des daraus hergestellten Cellulosetrinitrats (CTN) in Aceton um einen erheblichen Betrag. Lichtstreuungsmessungen zeigen, das wahrend dieses Prozesses das Molekulargewicht erhalten bleibt, wahrend der Tragheitsradius abnimmt und der 2. Virialkoeffizient zunimmt. Die enge Molekulargewichtsverteilung des nativen Produkts bleibt hierbei erhalten. Schwache Sauerstoffzufuhr erhoht zunachst die Viskositat, um sie erst bei langerem Abbau zu erniedrigen. Diese Phanomene werden folgendermasen gedeutet : Die Cellulosemolekule li…

chemistry.chemical_compoundchemistrySodium hydroxideIntrinsic viscosityPolymer chemistryRadius of gyrationMolar mass distributionCelluloseOxidative cleavageDie Makromolekulare Chemie
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Complexes of carbon nanotubes with ions and macromolecules : studies on electronic conduction properties

2014

electronic transportprotein engineeringhemicellulosecarbon nanotubealkali-dopingbiosensornanomaterials
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Ocular gelling microspheres: in vitro precorneal retention time and drug permeation through reconstituted corneal epithelium.

2008

Purpose: The model drug norfloxacin (NOR)was encapsulated into trehalose (TRH) and hydroxyethylcellulose(NAT) microspheres to obtain a novel gelling ophthalmic delivery system for prolonged release on corneal tissue. Methods: We assessed NOR release from microspheres, prepared by the emulsion-solvent evaporation method. A new in vitro tear turnover model, including inserts containing reconstituted human corneal epithelium (RHC), was designed to evaluate the TRH/NAT microspheres’ precorneal retention time. Bioadhesive properties of TRH/NAT microspheres were validated by using drug-loaded microspheres prepared with gelatine (GLT) commonly used as reference material in adhesion studies. Result…

endocrine systemmedicine.medical_specialtyBioadhesiveBiological AvailabilityReconstituted corneal epitheliumIn Vitro TechniquesDOSAGE FORMSPermeabilityDelayed-Action PreparationsAqueous Humorchemistry.chemical_compoundCorneamedicineHumansPharmacology (medical)CONTAINING LIPOSOMESCelluloseOcular microsphereCorneal epitheliumCell Line TransformedPharmacologyChromatographyEpithelium CornealAdhesivenessTrehaloseDELIVERY SYSTEMTrehaloseIn vitroMicrospheresSurgeryAnti-Bacterial AgentsTREHALOSE-HYDROXYETHYLCELLULOSE MICROSPHERESOphthalmologymedicine.anatomical_structurechemistrySettore CHIM/09 - Farmaceutico Tecnologico ApplicativoPermeability (electromagnetism)SOLUTE RELEASEDelayed-Action PreparationsGelatinSwellingmedicine.symptomOphthalmic SolutionsGelsNorfloxacinJournal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
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