Search results for "cheating"
showing 10 items of 25 documents
Social Interactions Among Bacteriophages
2020
Although viruses lack many of the social adaptations shown by more complex organisms, different types of social interactions have been unraveled in viruses. Phage research has contributed significantly to the development of this field, called sociovirology, with the discovery of processes such as intracellular and extracellular public good production, prudent host exploitation, cheating, and inter-phage communication. We here review and discuss these processes from a social evolution approach. Similar to other organisms, the origin and maintenance of phage-phage interactions can be explained using kin selection, group selection and game theory approaches. Key determinants of phage social ev…
Moral Disengagement in Youth Athletes: A Narrative Review
2022
The sports environment can be considered as a context characterized by interactions typical of social groups, where children have the chance to learn good values. Positive and negative behaviours in sports, also called prosocial and antisocial behaviours, have been studied according to a moral perspective, as has doping behaviour, taking into consideration the concept of moral disengagement. Moral disengagement in children has been associated with maladaptive behaviours later in life, even though it should disappear with growth. Concerning the sports environment, previous reviews on the topic have extensively illustrated the role of moral variables in sport and their relation to antisocial …
Do proctored online University exams in Covid-19 era affect final grades respect face-to-face exams?
2021
The Covid-19 pandemic forced universities to convert their traditional face-to-face exams to online exams with doubts as to whether student cheating or technical difficulties would affect their final grades. After taking three of these exams online, we considered comparing their grades with those of previous years on traditional exams. The average mark of the traditional exams before the pandemic was 6.95 over 10, while the average mark of the three exams carried out in the Covid-19 era is 6.64. The student's t test indicated that there are no significant differences between the two types of exams in the mean (p = 0.408), the median (p = 0.378), the range (p = 0.307), the minimum (p = 0.410…
Crafting messages to fight dishonesty: A field investigation of the effects of social norms and watching eye cues on fare evasion
2021
Abstract The impact of watching eyes cues and descriptive social norm messages on fare evasion was studied in two experiments that were conducted in two railway stations in France. In Study 1, a natural field experiment, passengers were exposed for a two-week period to either a control eye-cues poster or to an experimental eye-cues with a social norm messaging campaign. In Study 2, an artefactual experiment in the field, participants in the experimental train station were asked to participate in a lying task before and after they were exposed to the messaging campaign. The results from both studies suggest that although watching eye cues alone are not effective in a crowded train station, e…
Mechanism change in a simulation of peer review: from junk support to elitism
2014
Abstract Peer review works as the hinge of the scientific process, mediating between research and the awareness/acceptance of its results. While it might seem obvious that science would regulate itself scientifically, the consensus on peer review is eroding; a deeper understanding of its workings and potential alternatives is sorely needed. Employing a theoretical approach supported by agent-based simulation, we examined computational models of peer review, performing what we propose to call redesign, that is, the replication of simulations using different mechanisms. Here, we show that we are able to obtain the high sensitivity to rational cheating that is present in literature. In additio…
Properties and constraints of cheating-immune secret sharing schemes
2006
AbstractA secret sharing scheme is a cryptographic protocol by means of which a dealer shares a secret among a set of participants in such a way that it can be subsequently reconstructed by certain qualified subsets. The setting we consider is the following: in a first phase, the dealer gives in a secure way a piece of information, called a share, to each participant. Then, participants belonging to a qualified subset send in a secure way their shares to a trusted party, referred to as a combiner, who computes the secret and sends it back to the participants.Cheating-immune secret sharing schemes are secret sharing schemes in the above setting where dishonest participants, during the recons…
Teaching Programming to Large Student Groups through Test Driven Development - Comparing Established Methods with Teaching based on Test Driven Devel…
2016
This paper presents an approach for teaching programming in large university classes based on test driven development (TDD) methods. The approach aims at giving the students an industry-like environment already in their education and introduces full automation and feedback programming classes through unit testing. The focus for this paper is to compare the novel approach with existing teaching methods. It does so by comparing introduction to programming classes in two institutions. One university ran a TDD teaching process with fully automated assessments and feedback, while the other ran a more traditional on-line environment with manual assessments and feedback. The TDD approach has clear…
A Risk-Based Approach for Mitigating Ethical Lapses
2019
In early 2008, the CEO of Volkswagen announced a 10-year plan that called for tripling the company’s U.S. sales by 2018. The executive gave marching orders to engineers to come up with a new technology that would enable VW to lower emissions of the new cars. The engineers failed to come up with a device that could do the job. Instead they deployed a defeating software would defeat the testing process. The 2009 VW Jetta clean diesel was launched in April 2008 and followed by the introduction of similarly equipped VW Golfs and Audi A3s. Over 145,000 vehicles were sold in the U.S. in three years. The scheme was eventually exposed, costing the company millions of dollars. This paper describes t…
Multi-Authored Manuscripts and Speedup in Academic Publishing
2014
It is unfair to count a n-authored paper as one paper for each coauthor, i.e., as n papers: this is “feeding the multitude”. Sharing the credit among coauthors by percentages or by simply dividing by n is fairer but somewhat harsh. So, we propose to take into account the productivity gains of parallelization by introducing a team bonus function that multiplies the allocation thereby increasing the credit allocated to each coauthor.The degree of parallelization cannot be determined exogenously discipline by discipline. So, one may propose that each team of coauthors indicates how the labor was organized to produce the paper. Unfortunately, the coauthors may systematically bias their answers …
The Risks of WiFi Flexibility: Enabling and Detecting Cheating
2013
Flexibility is an important paradigm for future WiFi networks. However, it also opens the possibility for diverse methods of cheating, which users can perform to increase their throughput. Therefore, it is important to develop the necessary tools to mitigate such efforts. In this paper we first discuss the risks of flexibility in terms of misbehaviour. We then propose an architecture to detect misbehaviour and react by punishing the cheaters. The proposed architecture utilizes advanced passive monitoring, flexible WiFi software, and appropriate reasoning to detect cheating. We validate its performance and discuss means of punishment