Search results for "climate"
showing 10 items of 4934 documents
Applicability and consequences of the integration of alternative models for CO2 transfer velocity into a process-based lake model
2019
Freshwater lakes are important in carbon cycling, especially in the boreal zone where many lakes are supersaturated with the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) and emit it to the atmosphere, thus ventilating carbon originally fixed by the terrestrial system. The exchange of CO2 between water and the atmosphere is commonly estimated using simple wind-based parameterizations or models of gas transfer velocity (k). More complex surface renewal models, however, have been shown to yield more correct estimates of k in comparison with direct CO2 flux measurements. We incorporated four gas exchange models with different complexity into a vertical process-based physico-biochemical lake model, MyLak…
Right to Food and Geoengineering
2023
AbstractClimate change poses grave risks to food security, and mitigation and adaptation actions have so far been insufficient to lessen the risk of climate-induced violations of the right to food. Could safeguarding the right to food, then, justify some forms of geoengineering? This article examines geoengineering through the analytical lens of the right to food. We look at the components of food security and consider how the acceptability of geoengineering relates to the right to food via its impacts on these components. Our examination shows that results vary greatly between different forms of geoengineering: while some forms of geoengineering fail to respect the right to food, certain o…
Review of carbon emissions offsetting guidelines using instructional criteria
2023
Abstract Purpose Carbon offsetting is one of the tools that companies can use to achieve their climate targets. The ability of a company to offset its emissions successfully depends on the availability and quality of guidance on the subject. This study explores how well existing offsetting guidelines equip corporations to achieve successful emissions offsetting. Methods Instructional criteria were developed and used to evaluate seven guidelines. The contents of each guideline were assessed based on how they instruct a company to achieve emissions offsetting that fulfills five criteria for appropriate offsetting: target affiliation, Paris compatibility, effectiveness, prioritizing removals, …
Water-use efficiency and transpiration across European forests during the Anthropocene
2015
Considering the combined effects of CO2 fertilization and climate change drivers on plant physiology leads to a modest increase in simulated European forest transpiration in spite of the effects of CO2-induced stomatal closure. The Earth’s carbon and hydrologic cycles are intimately coupled by gas exchange through plant stomata1,2,3. However, uncertainties in the magnitude4,5,6 and consequences7,8 of the physiological responses9,10 of plants to elevated CO2 in natural environments hinders modelling of terrestrial water cycling and carbon storage11. Here we use annually resolved long-term δ13C tree-ring measurements across a European forest network to reconstruct the physiologically driven r…
The ABCflux database: Arctic-boreal CO2flux observations and ancillary information aggregated to monthly time steps across terrestrial ecosystems
2022
Past efforts to synthesize and quantify the magnitude and change in carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems across the rapidly warming Arctic–boreal zone (ABZ) have provided valuable information but were limited in their geographical and temporal coverage. Furthermore, these efforts have been based on data aggregated over varying time periods, often with only minimal site ancillary data, thus limiting their potential to be used in large-scale carbon budget assessments. To bridge these gaps, we developed a standardized monthly database of Arctic–boreal CO2 fluxes (ABCflux) that aggregates in situ measurements of terrestrial net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its derived partitioned…
Responsibilities for just transition to low-carbon societies : a role-based framework
2022
Low-carbon transitions in industrialised societies will have significant social, economic and environmental impacts, raising concerns of justice. Calls for urgent transitions evoke a question about the roles of different actors in advancing transitions and ensuring they are just. While the responsibilities for emission mitigation have been long discussed, responsibilities for making a just transition have not. The question about responsibilities is particularly pressing because of the diverse constellation of actors involved in climate action, including diverse forms of non-state actors from city-level and business alliances to grassroots activists. We examine the responsibilities of state …
MODELING PUBLIC POLICIES ANALYSIS OF LOGISTICS COLLABORATION IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE POTATO IN COLOMBIA.
2020
The agricultural sector is considered fundamental for the supply of food needs of humanity, given the population growth. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world population is estimated to be 9 billion people by the year 2050 and where the conditions of climate change can decrease crop yield up to 25%. This triggers greater vulnerability to the neediest population, being the rural sector the one hosting the poorest people. The rural area of Colombia represents 94% of extend the national territory, where 24% of the population lives a scenario of multiple problems that affect the country, such as the armed conflict of more than five decades, the presence of illicit …
Energy Management and Smart Grids
2013
The paper outlines energy management concepts and the smart grid evolution. The necessity of considering energy management as a crucial innovation in load supplying to permit a more powerful penetration of renewable energy usage at the building and city level and to perform energy savings and CO2 emissions reduction is pointed out. The driving factors to enhance the current power distribution are presented, and the benefits concerning smart grids are underlined. In the paper, a specific energy management analysis is reported by considering all the electric value chain, and the demand-side management and distributed on site control actions are described. To verify the benefit of energy manag…
Aqueous-phase reactive species formed by fine particulate matter from remote forests and polluted urban air
2021
In the aqueous phase, fine particulate matter can form reactive species (RS) that influence the aging, properties, and health effects of atmospheric aerosols. In this study, we explore the RS yields of aerosol samples from a remote forest (Hyytiälä, Finland) and polluted urban locations (Mainz, Germany; Beijing, China), and we relate the RS yields to different chemical constituents and reaction mechanisms. Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to characterize organic aerosol composition, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with a spin-trapping technique was applied to determine the concentrations of ⚫OH, O2⚫-, and carbon- or oxygen-centered organic radicals, and a …
The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: Current and emerging issues
2009
Hallquist, M. Wenger, J. C. Baltensperger, U. Rudich, Y. Simpson, D. Claeys, M. Dommen, J. Donahue, N. M. George, C. Goldstein, A. H. Hamilton, J. F. Herrmann, H. Hoffmann, T. Iinuma, Y. Jang, M. Jenkin, M. E. Jimenez, J. L. Kiendler-Scharr, A. Maenhaut, W. McFiggans, G. Mentel, Th. F. Monod, A. Prevot, A. S. H. Seinfeld, J. H. Surratt, J. D. Szmigielski, R. Wildt, J.; Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a significant fraction of ambient tropospheric aerosol and a detailed knowledge of the formation, properties and transformation of SOA is therefore required to evaluate its impact on atmospheric processes, climate and human health. The chemical and physical processes associated wit…