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Disease severity in patients with visceral leishmaniasis is not altered by co-infection with intestinal parasites
2017
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease that affects the poorest communities and can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Visceral leishmaniasis is characterized by the presence of Leishmania parasites in the spleen, liver and bone marrow, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, prolonged fever, systemic inflammation and low body mass index (BMI). The factors impacting on the severity of VL are poorly characterized. Here we performed a cross-sectional study to assess whether co-infection of VL patients with intestinal parasites influences disease severity, assessed with clinical and haematological data, inflammation, cytokine profiles and BMI. Data from VL patients was s…
Incidence and risk factors for liver enzyme elevation among naive HIV-1-infected patients receiving ART in the ICONA cohort
2019
AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the incidence and risk factors for liver enzyme elevations (LEE) in patients initiating first-line ART in the ICONA prospective observational cohort, between June 2009 and December 2017.Patients and methodsIn total, 6575 ART-naive patients were selected, initiating two NRTIs with the third drug being a boosted PI (n=2436; 37.0%), an NNRTI (n=2384; 36.3%) or an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) (n=1755; 26.7%). HBV surface antigen and HCV RNA were detected in 3.9% and 5.8% of the study population. Inverse probability weighted Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the HRs, according to first-line regimen, for LEE, defined as ALT or AST increases…
Direct-acting antivirals and visceral leishmaniasis: a case report
2019
Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. The clinical presentation of visceral leishmaniasis strictly depends on the host immunocompetency, whereas depressive conditions of the immune system impair the capability to resolve the infection and allow reactivation from sites of latency of the parasite. Case presentation We describe a case of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that occurred in a patient with chronic hepatitis C treated with direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAA). The hypothesized mechanism is the alteration of protective inflammation mechanisms secondary to DAA therapy. Downregulation of type II an…
CD3ε Expression Defines Functionally Distinct Subsets of Vδ1 T Cells in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
2018
Human γδ T cells expressing the Vδ1 T cell receptor (TCR) recognize self and microbial antigens and stress-inducible molecules in a major histocompatibility complex -unrestricted manner and are an important source of innate interleukin-17. Vδ1 T cells are expanded in the circulation and intestines of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In the present study, we show that patients with HIV have elevated frequencies, but not absolute numbers, of circulating Vδ1 T cells compared to control subjects. This increase was most striking in the patients with Candida albicans co-infection. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we identify two populations of Vδ1 T cells, …
Elevated Fatty Liver Index as a Risk Factor for All‐Cause Mortality in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Hepatitis C Virus–Coinfected Patients (ANRS CO13 …
2020
International audience; Background and aims: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients are at high risk of metabolic complications and liver-related events, which are both associated with hepatic steatosis and its progressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, a known risk factor for mortality. The fatty liver index (FLI), a noninvasive steatosis biomarker, has recently drawn attention for its clinical prognostic value, although its capacity to predict mortality risk in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients has never been investigated. Using a Cox proportional hazards model for mortality from all causes, with data from the French National Agency for Research on A…
In-Depth Characterization and Functional Analysis of Clonal Variants in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain Prone to Microevolution
2017
The role of clonal complexity has gradually been accepted in infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), although analyses of this issue are limited. We performed an in-depth study of a case of recurrent MTB infection by integrating genotyping, whole genome sequencing, analysis of gene expression and infectivity in in vitro and in vivo models. Four different clonal variants were identified from independent intrapatient evolutionary branches. One of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the variants mapped in mce3R, which encodes a repressor of an operon involved in virulence, and affected expression of the operon. Competitive in vivo and in vitro co-infection assays revealed higher infe…
Potential Influence of Helminth Molecules on COVID-19 Pathology
2020
In recent months, the parasitology research community has been tasked with investigation of the influence of parasite coinfection on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. Herein, we share our approach to analyze the effect of the trematode Fasciola hepatica as a modulator of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and of COVID-19 pathology.
HLA-E-Restricted CD8+ T Lymphocytes Efficiently Control Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV-1 Co-Infection
2020
We investigated the contribution of human leukocyte antigen A2 (HLA-A2) and HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) coinfection. HIV-1 downregulates HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules in infected cells, thus influencing recognition by HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T cells but not by HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells, owing to the inability of the virus to downmodulate their expression. Therefore, antigen-specific HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells could play a protective role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV-1 coinfection. HLA-E- and HLA-A2-restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells were tested in vitro for cyt…
Assessing the burden of viral co-infections in acute gastroenteritis in children: An eleven-year-long investigation.
2020
Abstract Background Acute gastroenteritis is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. A number of pathogens are responsible for human acute gastroenteritis. The recent introduction of syndromic assays for the diagnosis of enteric infections, including a wide panel of enteric pathogens, has unveiled the frequency of mixed infections. This study was carried out to assess the burden of viral co-infections and the genetic diversity of the viruses detected in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Italy. Methods A total of 4161 stool samples collected from diarrheic children over 11 years, from January 2008 to December 2018, were investigated for the presen…
Resistance against Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) secondary infections in mice is not dependent on the ileal protein production
2016
Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) is an intestinal trematode, which has been widely employed to investigate the factors determining the rejection of intestinal helminths. Protein production patterns of intestinal epithelial cells are related to the infection-induced changes that determine the course of E. caproni infections. Herein, we compare the protein production profiles in the ileum of four experimental groups of mice: control; infected; dewormed and reinfected. Worm burdens were significantly lower in secondary infections, confirming the generation of partial resistance to homologous secondary infections in mice. However, quantitative comparison by 2D-DIGE showed that …