Search results for "competition."

The presumption of innocence in the EU competition law

2022

This Bachelor thesis aims to analyse the application of the presumption of innocence in the EU competition law, more precisely in the anti-cartel proceedings. In addition, this thesis will provide the analysis of the categorisation of the competition law. This, in turn, is a topical debate due to the fact that in competition law the penalties are comparable to criminal charges notwithstanding the administrative procedure. The thesis will try to answer the question “To what extent is the presumption of innocence applied in the EU anti-cartel procedure?”. This paper's primary objective is to identify the procedural rights of cartel members, analyse their implementation, and emphasise any pote…

Lielvaru (ASV un Ķīnas) sāncensība 21. gadsimtā

2022

Maģistra darba “Lielvaru (ASV un Ķīnas) sāncensība 21. gadsimtā” mērķis ir vairāku lielvaru augšupejas un lejupslīdes teoriju aplūkošana un analīze, saistot tās ar empīriskajiem novērojumiem par šādu sāncensību. Maģistra darbā apskatītās teorijas tiks pretnostatītas ASV un Ķīnas kā lielvaru sāncensībai mūsdienās, tādējādi veicinot izpratni par iespējamo šādas sāncensības izcelsmi un norisi, izrietot no vēsturiskiem gadījumiem, kas saistīti ar lielvaru sāncensību. Darba teorētiskā bāze ietver izklāstu par lielvaru raksturojumu un vairāku citu jēdzienu apskatīšanu, kā arī apskata četras lielvaru sāncensības teorijas. Maģistra darba empīrisko daļu veido lielvaru sāncensības vēsturiskā ietvara …

Review paper: Seasonal variation as a determinant of population structure in rotifers reproducing by cyclical parthenogenesis

1998

Monogonont rotifers live in habitats that display extensively variation in both biotic and abiotic components. Much of this variation is seasonal and therefore predictable for a given pond or lake. In 1972, King proposed one physiological and two genetic models presenting alternative modes of adaptation to this temporal variation. Our purpose in the present paper is to review and evaluate how our knowledge of the seasonal structure of rotifer populations has changed in the past 25 years. Seasonal changes in clone frequencies have been reported from three studies of natural populations using electrophoretic analysis of isozymes. In one of these studies there was evidence for substantial temp…

2011

Natural communities are structured by intra-guild competition, predation or parasitism and the abiotic environment. We studied the relative importance of these factors in two host-social parasite ecosystems in three ant communities in Europe (Bavaria) and North America (New York, West Virginia). We tested how these factors affect colony demography, life-history and the spatial pattern of colonies, using a large sample size of more than 1000 colonies. The strength of competition was measured by the distance to the nearest competitor. Distance to the closest social parasite colony was used as a measure of parasitism risk. Nest sites (i.e., sticks or acorns) are limited in these forest ecosyst…

Environmental drivers of breeding sites in blackfly species of medical and veterinary importance in eastern Spain

2021

Geographical distribution and abundance of the pupae of six blackfly species of medical and veterinary concern were studied in eastern Spain according to three different sets of explanatory variables including in-stream variables, both (i) abiotic (i.e., physicochemical) and (ii) biotic (i.e., richness and abundance of either taxonomically or ecologically close related taxa), as well as (iii) meteorological and landscape variables. The results showed specific habitat requirements for pupation in Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776) and Simulium (Wilhelmia) equinum (Linnaeus, 1758), two of the six species studied regarding elevation and temperature. While the rest of the spe…

Modelling temperature-dependent dynamics of single and mixed infections in a plant virus

2022

Multiple viral infection is an important issue in health and agriculture with strong impacts on society and the economy. Several investigations have dealt with the population dynamics of viruses with different dynamic properties, focusing on strain competition during multiple infections and the effects on viruses’ hosts. Recent interest has been on how multiple infections respond to abiotic factors such as temperature (T). This is especially important in the case of plant pathogens, whose dynamics could be affected significantly by global warming. However, few mathematical models incorporate the effect of T on parasite fitness, especially in mixed infections. Here, we investigate simple mat…

Musical Competition Culture in 19th Century Italy. The Concorso Basevi (Florence) and the Circolo Bonamici (Naples)

2021

Musical competitions played an important function in Italian musical culture of the 19th century. Florence and Naples offer two interesting examples in this field. In the Tuscan city, Abramo Basevi (1818-1885) established an annual composition competition specially dedicated to chamber music, which reached great popularity throughout Europe; the “Concorso Basevi” took place six times starting from 1861. In Naples Ferdinando Bonamici (1827-1905) showed more varied interests and organized not only composition but also performance competitions between 1863 and 1865. Both experiences, based on individual or small group initiatives, were undoubtedly fragile, but they contributed significantly to…

Biodiversity, evolution and adaptation of fungi in exstreme environments

2013

Fungi play irreplaceable roles for ecosystem functioning. They may adopt different life styles, for example saprotrophs, symbionts or parasites: some species are cosmopolitan with a wide distribution and others, thanks to they ecological plasticity, may adapt to harsh environments precluded to most of life forms. In stressing conditions, their role is even more crucial for the recycling of organic matter or favouring nutrients uptake. When the conditions become really extreme and competion is low, fungi focus on extremotollerance and evolve peculiar competences to exploit natural or xenobiotic resources in the particular constraints imposed by the environment. This paper focuses on three di…

A Post-contentious Turning Point for the Contentious French? Crisis Without Protest in France

2018

International audience; This chapter shows that the ‘contentious French’ may not be that contentious anymore. The economic crisis provides a unique chance to argue that a post-contentious turning point is emerging in spite of a long-standing tradition of protesting. Yet the chapter suggests that this post-contentious turning point is not bringing about acquiescence but opens space for new forms of political participation, especially in connection with resources acquired through employment and educational track. In this case, we find a more extensive engagement in online activism and non-institutional forms of political participation, that is, the two forms of political participation that ar…

Shareholder Wealth Creation in Response to Announcements of Acquisitions of Unlisted Firms: Evidence from Spain

2011

We investigate shareholder value creation of Spanish listed firms in response to announcements of acquisitions of unlisted companies and compare this experience to the purchase of listed firms over the period 1991–2006. Similar to foreign markets, acquirers of listed targets earn insignificant average abnormal returns, whereas acquirers of unlisted targets gain significant positive average abnormal returns. When we relate these results to company and transaction characteristics our findings diverge from those reported in the literature for other foreign markets, as our evidence suggests that the listing status effect is mainly associated with the fact that unlisted firms tend to be smaller …