Search results for "competition"
showing 10 items of 1409 documents
The joint emergence of group competition and within-group cooperation
2015
Abstract Between-group conflict and within-group cooperation can be seen as two sides of the same coin, coevolving in a group-structured population. There is strong support for between-group competition facilitating the evolution of human cooperative tendencies, yet our understanding of how competition arises is less clear. We show that groups of randomly assembled individuals spontaneously engage in costly group competition, and that decisions promoting between-group conflict are associated with high levels of within-group cooperation. Remarkably, when groups were given the possibility to compete against other groups, net earnings for individuals were higher than when groups were not allow…
Sperm quality, secondary sexual characters and parasitism in roach (Rutilus rutilus L.)
2004
According to sperm competition models, a male spawning in a disfavoured role should have spermatozoa with higher velocity but shorter longevity compared with a male spawning in a favoured role. Moreover, immunosuppressive androgens are needed to produce both secondary sexual characters and sperm cells. The ‘sperm protection’ hypothesis suggests that the immunosuppressive action of androgens has evolved to protect haploid spermatozoa, which are antigenic, from autoimmune attacks. Therefore, a male with high sexual ornamentation may be more susceptible to diseases but may possess better quality ejaculate than his less ornamented rival. We studied sexual ornamentation (breeding tubercles), eja…
Comparison of condensed versus noncondensed cycling test methods and correlation to a 185 minutes’ indoor race simulation
2017
Master's thesis Sports Science ME517 - University of Agder 2017 Background: The validity of a currently used condensed indoor test protocols (C-TP) as measurement of competitive cycling performance is questioned. Purpose: C-TP contain testing of wattage at lactate threshold (LTW), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and a Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), performed consecutively during one session. As comparison these tests were separated and performed individually over three consecutive days, giving a non-condensed test protocol (NC-TP). The results were compared to a 5min all-out cycling test (5min all-out) performed individually and as part of a 185 minutes’ race simulation. Method: During …
Supplementary material 1 from: Lefort M, Wratten S, Cusumano A, Varennes Y, Boyer S (2017) Disentangling higher trophic level interactions in the cab…
2018
OSR aphid mummy collection. Sampling location and size / Amplification success of mummies' DNA extracts by Illumina sequencing.
Supplementary material 3 from: Lefort M, Wratten S, Cusumano A, Varennes Y, Boyer S (2017) Disentangling higher trophic level interactions in the cab…
2018
Exploratory statistics addressing sequencing depth per country and MOTU rarefaction.
Supplementary material 2 from: Lefort M, Wratten S, Cusumano A, Varennes Y, Boyer S (2017) Disentangling higher trophic level interactions in the cab…
2018
Supporting Information 2
Timing of reproductive effort as an alternative mating strategy in young black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) males
2014
Seksuaalivalinta aiheuttaa yksilöiden välille kilpailua parittelukumppaneista, minkä johdosta osa yksilöistä lisääntyy toisia enemmän. Elinkiertoteorian mukaan yksilöt eivät niukkojen resurssien vuoksi pysty tehokkaasti kohdentamaan energiaa samanaikaisesti useisiin toimintoihin, kuten kasvuun, selviytymiseen ja lisääntymiseen. Ikä, suuri koko ja näyttävät seksuaaliornamentit ovat seksuaalivalinnassa menestyvän yksilön merkkejä, sillä tällaisilla yksilöillä riittää energiaa elintärkeiden toimintojen lisäksi myös lisääntymiseen. Tavallisesti ne menestyvätkin parhaiten kilpailussa parittelukumppaneista. Nuoret tai huonokuntoiset yksilöt voivat kuitenkin turvautua vaihtoehtoisiin lisääntymisst…
The commercialization of the sport from Sports competition Ethics
2012
La ética del deporte surge como una disciplina particular. Podemos encontrar dos lados radicalmente opuestos, el de aquellos que ven la comercialización del deporte como la corrupción del ideal de búsqueda de excelencia inherente a la práctica deportiva, son los partidarios de la «tesis de la corruptibilidad» y la de otro grupo, entre los que se encuentra Simon del «Hamilton College» en EEUU, que sostiene que la comercialización puede presentar un lado positivo éticamente aceptable siempre que se plantee como medio para alcanzar los valores internos en el deporte. En mi exposición abogaré por un enfoque aristotélico que entiende que la prudencia, no sólo comporta el conocimiento de los fine…
Individual- and group-level sex ratios under local mate competition : consequences of infanticide and reproductive dominance
2023
Extremely female-biased sex ratios of parasitoid wasps in multiple-foundress groups challenges evolutionary theory which predicts diminishing bias as foundress numbers increase. Recent theory based on foundress cooperation has achieved qualitative rather than quantitative success in explaining bias among parasitoids in the genus Sclerodermus. Here, we develop an explanation, expanding the theory of local mate competition, based on the observation that male production seems dominated by some foundresses within groups. Two sex ratio effects arise from such reproductive dominance: an immediate effect via suppression of male production, and a long-term evolutionary response to reproductive skew…
Fisiologia e patologia della fiscal competition
2017
L’articolo ha ad oggetto gli effetti della fiscal competition, analizzati sotto il duplice aspetto fisiologico e patologico del fenomeno. In primo luogo, esso evidenzia che la fiscal competition è il risvolto naturale (i) della competizione fra Stati e imprese multinazionali, (ii) della globalizzazione economica e (iii) della propensione alla sovranazionalità dei singoli ordinamenti giuridici.Pertanto, innanzitutto, la fiscal competition è sostanzialmente un fenomeno fisiologico. Tuttavia, il presente elaborato evidenzia che la fiscal competition ha effetti negativi su alcuni importanti principi: la sovranità statale, l’equità fiscale e l’efficienza generale del sistema economico. In questo…