Search results for "context"
showing 10 items of 6304 documents
Editorial on the special issue “Private Life Choices, Employment and Health”
2013
The health conditions of the German population have been subject to signifi cant changes in the past. Within the last forty years, for example, the life expectancy at birth of both men and women reported by the German Federal Statistical Offi ce rose by more than eight years. In recent years, chances of survival in the middle and old ages were responsible for the increase in life expectancy. In this respect – and to an extent never seen before – it is nowadays possible to spend one’s lifetime actively within the family and productively on the labour market. However, in times of a shrinking population, changes of the conditions on the labour market and new arrangements of private life choice…
Young People’s Ambiguous and Complex Responses on HIV/AIDS in Cameroon
2017
In the large cities of Cameroon, early sexual relations are a major problem for young people due to the risk of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS, in this population that has not yet mastered protection and which is ill prepared to convince often older sexual partners to use condoms. The HIV/AIDS epidemic can be analysed as an exogenous trauma that has not given rise to an immediate national response at institutional level, in spite of the pressure and priorities imposed from outside. The survey was aimed at understanding how young people build the idea of protection and risk faced with HIV, and identifying their practices and their relations with protective pract…
A Discrete-Time Hazard Model for Loans: Some Evidence from Italian Banking System
2012
Problem statement: The probability of default, PD, is a crucial probl em for banks. In the last years international accords (Basel, Basel 2 an d Basel 3) have incentived banks to adopt objective s systems to evaluating and monitoring risk of defaul t in order to predict PD for new loans based on borrower's characteristics. The aim of this study i s to introduce a discrete survival model to study t he risk of default and to propose the empirical eviden ce by the Italian banking system. Approach: Survival analysis is used if we are interested in w hether and when an event occurs. In this context th e event occurrence represents a borrower's transition from one state, loan in bonis that is not…
A Quick Approach to the Microfoundations of Social Entrepreneurship
2021
The very first section of the book deals with the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship from a microeconomics perspective. In this line, the individual represents the unit of analysis, that is, the social entrepreneur. Social entrepreneurs are agents who intend to make a positive change in society in such a way that their solution presents a tool to improve the quality of life of the segment of the population they want to target. In these first pages, our intention has been to explain what is inside the mind of the social entrepreneur in the process of developing the idea and putting it into practice. We assumed that entrepreneurs are individuals forming part of a particular society and con…
Sytuacja uwięzionych kobiet w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym
2015
The first legal document that introduced a distinction of treatment between imprisoned men and women was created during the interwar period. At that time, the need to differentiate the execution of the penalty methods between men and women was emphasized. This particular period initiated the beginning of formulating separate regulations related to the issue of imprisoned women. At first, they were treated as a homogeneous population. However, after some time, the need for alternative treatment of female prisoners, especially pregnant and breastfeeding, was noticed. Gradually, taking into account gender differences in the penitentiary interactions, slow evolution was taking place, especially…
The Szlonzokian Ethnolect in the Context of German and Polish Nationalisms1
2008
This article analyzes the emergence of the Szlonzokian ethnic group or proto-nation in the context of the use of language as an instrument of nationalism in Central Europe. When language was legislated into the statistical measure of nationality in the second half of the nineteenth century, Berlin pressured the Slavophone Catholic peasant-cum-worker population of Upper Silesia to become ‘proper Germans’. Polish ennationalizing pressure was added after the division of Upper Silesia between Poland and Germany in 1922. Ennationalizing policies changed in 1939 when the entire region was reincorporated into wartime Germany and, again, in 1945 following Poland's annexation of Upper Silesia. Frequ…
Diversity Management in Memetic Algorithms
2012
In Evolutionary Computing, Swarm Intelligence, and more generally, populationbased algorithms diversity plays a crucial role in the success of the optimization. Diversity is a property of a group of individuals which indicates how much these individuals are alike. Clearly, a group composed of individuals similar to each other is said to have a low diversity whilst a group of individuals dissimilar to each other is said to have a high diversity. In computer science, in the context of population-based algorithms the concept of diversity is more specific: the diversity of a population is a measure of the number of different solutions present, see [239].
A Primer on Memetic Algorithms
2012
Memetic Algorithms (MAs) are population-based metaheuristics composed of an evolutionary framework and a set of local search algorithms which are activated within the generation cycle of the external framework, see [376]. The earliest MA implementation has been given in [621] in the context of the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) while an early systematic definition has been presented in [615]. The concept of meme is borrowed from philosophy and is intended as the unit of cultural transmission. In other words, complex ideas can be decomposed into memes which propagate andmutate within a population.Culture, in this way, constantly undergoes evolution and tends towards progressive improvemen…
Modernizando la nación : Democracia y autoritarismo en el comité fílmico de la industria petrolera (Venezuela, 1947-1951)
2020
Tras la reforma petrolera de 1943, las compañías petroleras transnacionales con intereses en Venezuela se alinearon con el nacionalismo moderado de las nuevas élites gobernantes y se presentaron como indispensables para el progreso de la nación. Para esto, establecieron departamentos de relaciones públicas, programas de responsabilidad social y de mecenazgo cultural (Tinker Salas, 2009). En este contexto, también crearon programas fílmicos destinados a su fuerza laboral y al público venezolano. El primero de estos programas fue el Comité Fílmico de la Industria Petrolera (1947-1951). Enfocando este programa fílmico desde la categoría cine empresarial, propuesta por Hediger y Vonderau (2009a…
Selection of low investment in sex in a cyclically parthenogenetic rotifer
2009
Cyclical parthenogens, which combine asexual and sexual reproduction, are good models for research into the ecological and population processes affecting the evolutionary maintenance of sex. Sex in cyclically parthenogenetic rotifers is necessary for diapausing egg production, which is essential to survive adverse conditions between planktonic growing seasons. However, within a planktonic season sexual reproduction prevents clonal proliferation. Hence, clones with a low propensity for sex should be selected, becoming dominant in the population as the growing season progresses. In this context, we studied the dynamics of the heritable variation in propensity for sexual reproduction among clo…