Search results for "degeneration"
showing 10 items of 601 documents
Extracellular Membrane Vesicles as Vehicles for Brain Cell-to-Cell Interactions in Physiological as well as Pathological Conditions.
2015
Extracellular vesicles are involved in a great variety of physiological events occurring in the nervous system, such as cross talk among neurons and glial cells in synapse development and function, integrated neuronal plasticity, neuronal-glial metabolic exchanges, and synthesis and dynamic renewal of myelin. Many of these EV-mediated processes depend on the exchange of proteins, mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs, including miRNAs, which occurs among glial and neuronal cells. In addition, production and exchange of EVs can be modified under pathological conditions, such as brain cancer and neurodegeneration. Like other cancer cells, brain tumours can use EVs to secrete factors, which allow escaping…
Plasma gangliosides and age-related macular degeneration
2013
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial and polygenic disease and is the main cause of vision loss in developed countries after 50 years old. Indeed, dry AMD leads to progressive retinal atrophy and exsudative AMD induces a rapid alteration of the macula through neovascularisation. Gangliosides (GG) make a wide and heterogeneous family of sialic-acid-containing glycosphingolipids, composed of a sugar chain branched on a ceramide. They are major components of cellular membranes and are particularly abundant in the brain and nervous tissue, including retina. They are also found circulating in the plasma. GG are known for their neuroprotective properties in the nervo…
Post-translational modifications on RNA-binding proteins: accelerators, brakes, or passengers in neurodegeneration?
2021
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical players in RNA expression and metabolism, thus, the proper regulation of this class of proteins is critical for cellular health. Regulation of RBPs often occurs through post-translational modifications (PTMs), which allow the cell to quickly and efficiently respond to cellular and environmental stimuli. PTMs have recently emerged as important regulators of RBPs implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, in particular amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, we summarize how disease-associated PTMs influence the biophysical properties, molecular interactions, subcellular localization, and function of ALS/FTD-linked …
P-01MicroRNA PROFILING IDETIFY NEW REGULATORY GENES IN ETHANOL-INDUCED NEUROINFLAMMATION AND BRAIN DAMAGE THROUGH TLR4 RECEPTORS
2015
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-protein coding RNA regulating the transcription and translation of other RNA and are involved in several diseases and disorders, including neurodegeneration. We aim to evaluate the impact of miRNAs in the regulation of ethanol-induced neuro-inflammation and brain damage and to assess the potential role of miRNAs …
Microtubule Dynamics and Neuronal Excitability: Advances on Cytoskeletal Components Implicated in Epileptic Phenomena
2020
AbstractExtensive researches have deepened knowledge on the role of synaptic components in epileptogenesis, but limited attention has been devoted to the potential implication of the cytoskeleton. The study of the development of epilepsy and hyperexcitability states involves molecular, synaptic, and structural alterations of neuronal bioelectric activity. In this paper we aim to explore the neurobiological targets involved in microtubule functioning and cytoskeletal transport, i.e. how dynamic scaffolding of microtubules can influence neuronal morphology and excitability, in order to suggest a potential role for microtubule dynamics in the processes turning a normal neuronal network in a hy…
FRET based ratiometric Ca(2+) imaging to investigate immune-mediated neuronal and axonal damage processes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyeliti…
2015
Abstract Background Irreversible axonal and neuronal damage are the correlate of disability in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). A sustained increase of cytoplasmic free [Ca2+] is a common upstream event of many neuronal and axonal damage processes and could represent an early and potentially reversible step. New method We propose a method to specifically analyze the neurodegenerative aspects of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) imaging of neuronal and axonal Ca2+ dynamics by two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). Results Using the genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor TN-XXL expressed in neurons and their corresponding axo…
Identification of inflammatory neuronal injury and prevention of neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis: hope for novel therapies?
2013
Importance Although multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been considered the prototype for an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, modern histopathology and imaging techniques show that significant damage to neuronal structures already start occurring in the earliest stages of the disease. As the disease progresses, the extent of neuronal pathology accumulates. Therapeutic progress in terms of the prevention of increased disability has only just begun. Objective To review possible diagnostic improvements of neuronal compartment pathology as well as direct therapeutic interventions based on reports from the last decade and outline clinical results from studies and p…
Neurodegeneration in excitotoxicity, global cerebral ischemia, and target deprivation: A perspective on the contributions of apoptosis and necrosis.
1998
In the human brain and spinal cord, neurons degenerate after acute insults (e.g., stroke, cardiac arrest, trauma) and during progressive, adult-onset diseases [e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease]. Glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity has been implicated in all of these neurological conditions. Nevertheless, effective approaches to prevent or limit neuronal damage in these disorders remain elusive, primarily because of an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of neuronal death in in vivo settings. Therefore, animal models of neurodegeneration are crucial for improving our understanding of the mechanisms of neuronal death. In this review, we evaluate experimen…
General anaesthetics and the developing brain: an overview
2014
Various experimental studies in animals have shown that general anaesthetics are potentially toxic to the developing brain. By inducing apoptosis or interfering with neurogenesis, anaesthetic exposure during a critical period of neuronal development can have significant impact on neurocognitive function later in life. It remains controversial whether these experimental results can be transferred to human beings and this is under intensive scientific evaluation. To gain more insight into possible neurotoxic effects on the human brain of infants and small children, a number of retrospective studies have been performed. At present, there is no clear evidence that exposure to anaesthesia up to …
Mildronate and its neuroregulatory mechanisms: targeting the mitochondria, neuroinflammation, and protein expression.
2013
This review for the first time summarizes the data obtained in the neuropharmacological studies of mildronate, a drug previously known as a cardioprotective agent. In different animal models of neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases, we demonstrated its neuroprotecting activity. By the use of immunohistochemical methods and Western blot analysis, as well as some selected behavioral tests, the new mechanisms of mildronate have been demonstrated: a regulatory effect on mitochondrial processes and on the expression of nerve cell proteins, which are involved in cell survival, functioning, and inflammation processes. Particular attention is paid to the capability of mildronate to stimulate…