Search results for "direct effect"
showing 10 items of 46 documents
A statistical study of the additivities of substituent effects in the13C NMR chemical shifts of hydroxy- and chloro-substituted benzenes
1980
The 13C NMR spectra of six hydroxybenzenes, all chlorobenzenes, all chlorophenols and eight chlorocatechols are measured and assigned. The additivity of the substituent effects and the usefulness of some corrective parameters are studied with regression analysis. The order of the chemical shifts is most efficiently predicted by the simplest substituent effect model, containing only the direct effects of the substituents, although the 95% confidence limits of the calculated shifts are as high as 5.6 ppm. If the chemical shifts need to be predicted within the measuring errors (approximately 0.05–0.10 ppm, in the present data), the number of necessary corrections is very impractical. The corre…
Plant facilitation and phylogenetics
2013
The relationship between facilitation and evolutionary ecology is poorly understood. We review five issues elucidating how the phylogenetic relatedness of species provides insight into the role of facilitation in community assembly: (a) Are the facilitative interactions more common between species that differ in a regeneration niche? (b) Are facilitative interactions more common between distantly related species? (c) Do communities governed by facilitation (rather than competition) have higher phylogenetic diversity? (d) As facilitated juvenile plants mature, do they compete with their nurses more often if they are closely related to them? (e) How does the phylogenetic signature in a commun…
Of Direct Effect, Primacy and Constitutional Identities. Rome and Luxembourg enmeshed in the Taricco Case
2017
International audience
Different drinking motives, different adverse consequences? Evidence among adolescents from 10 European countries
2017
INTRODUCTION AND AIM: This study, which builds on previous research demonstrating that drinking motives are associated with adverse consequences, investigates the associations between drinking motives and non-alcohol-attributed adverse consequences and disentangles alcohol-related and direct effects. DESIGN AND METHOD: On the basis of a sample of 22 841 alcohol-using 13- to 16-year-olds (50.6% female) from Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Portugal, Scotland, Slovakia, Switzerland and Wales, structural equation models were used to estimate direct and indirect effects. Additionally, differences across countries were tested in a multigroup analysis. RESULTS: The indirect effect (vi…
Direktīvu horizontālās tiešās iedarbības problemātika Eiropas Savienībā
2018
Bakalaura darba mērķis ir analizēt ES Tiesas spriedumus par direktīvu tiešo iedarbību, īpašu uzmanību pievēršot ES Tiesas sniegtajai interpretācijai par valsts institūcijas jēdzienu un kritērijiem, kurai tai ir jāatbilst, lai to varētu uzskatīt par valsts institūciju. Darbā tiek skaidroti tiešās piemērojamības un tiešās iedarbības jēdzieni un kā tiešā piemērojamība un tiešā iedarbība izspaužas ES tiesību aktos. Tiek analizēta arī direktīvu tiešā iedarbība. Darbā tiek analizēti arī ES Tiesas spriedumi par direktīvu tiešo iedarbību. Bakalaura darbā tiek pētīts, kādu valsts institūcijas jēdzienu ES Tiesa ir noteikusi savos spriedumos par direktīvu tiešo iedarbību. Tiek noskaidrots arī pret kād…
Foreign sourcing and exporting
2020
The aim in this paper is analysing the role of sourcing intermediate inputs internationally on export decisions, distinguishing whether intermediate are sourced from firms belonging to the same business group or from independent suppliers. To analyse firm’s export decision, we use a specification that also accounts for sunk costs and the accumulated experience in export markets (i.e., foreign markets learning). We consider that importing intermediates might have direct and indirect effects (operating through productivity) on the export participation decision. The direct effects on exporting are isolated once we control for productivity and the effects of belonging to an international group.…
Environmentally driven changes in Baltic salmon oxidative status during marine migration.
2020
The fitness and recruitment of fish stocks can be markedly affected by environmental disturbances including global warming, eutrophication and contamination. Understanding the effects of environmental stressors on salmon physiology during marine residence is of a global concern as marine survival has decreased. We present a unique combination of physiological responses - antioxidant defence and oxidative damage biomarkers, stable isotopes and contaminant exposure biomarkers - measured from adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) collected at the Baltic Sea and studied in relation to environmental variables and fitness estimates. The results demonstrate that feeding populations of salmon display…
Da Düsseldorf a Lussemburgo e ritorno: “Towards Horizontal Effect For the Free Movement of Goods?”
2014
A seguito di rinvio pregiudiziale deciso da CGUE 12 luglio 2012 C-171/11, Fra.bo/DVGW, che ammette, per la prima volta, l’efficacia orizzontale, e cioè nei rapporti privatistici, del principio della libera circolazione delle merci, già affermata dalla giurisprudenza europea per le altre libertà fondamentali di circolazione (CGUE 12 luglio 2012 C-171/11, Fra.bo/DVGW, in European Review of Contract Law, 2013, 186, con commento di Harm SHEPEL; nonché, H. van HARTEN, T. NAUTA, Towards Horizontal Direct Effect For the Free Movement of Goods. Comment on Fra.Bo., in European Law Review, 2013, 677; SHUIBHNE, The Coherence of EU Free Movement Law. Consitutional Responsibility and the Court of Justic…
Il dovere di soccorso in mare e il diritto di obbedire al diritto (internazionale) del comandante della nave privata
2019
Shipmasters are commonly considered the addressees of an international legal duty to rescue at sea. This article describes the evolution of international law in this field, from the first maritime conventions of the 1910's to the IMO Safety Committee's resolutions of the 2010's. It then argues that behind the duty to rescue there is a hidden right of the shipmaster. This right has a moral pedigree and is functional to the full compliance of the duty itself. It can be enforced in the national legal order against any State (or private entity) that tries to obstruct the shipmaster's activities of assistance or to penalize her or him for the assistance given. National judges enforce this right …
The knowledge spillover effect of crowdfunding
2020
Knowledge exerts a positive indirect effect on the external environment. However, not all innovations are transferred to companies and society to allow such an effect to occur. Given the existence ...