Search results for "eläin"
showing 10 items of 169 documents
Oikeudenmukaisuus elollisia olentoja kohtaan : Porfyrioksen pidättäytymisen etiikka
2020
In this article, I argue that Porphyry’s conception of justice in On abstinence is remarkable for several reasons. While I agree with Fay Edwards that Porphyry does not assume the moral status of animals to depend on their rationality, I argue that Porphyry’s claim is not based on any form of the assumption that animals deserve moral consideration only if they share some relevant property with human beings. Contrary to Edwards, I argue that this is not because justice is irrelevant to animals in On abstinence 3. Rather, extending abstinence from causing harm to humans to apply also to non-human animals and plants is a constitutive element in the higher forms of justice that Porphyry require…
Suden uskonnollinen asema antiikin Roomassa
2018
Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tutkia suden uskonnollista merkitystä antiikin Roomassa sekä tuoda esille suden ja Rooman välisen erityissuhteen taustoja. Keskeisinä tutkimuskysymyksinäni on selvittää, missä määrin roomalaisten ja lähikansojen susiin liittyvissä kulteissa oli yhteisiä rakennetekijöitä, mikä oli suden merkitys roomalaisille enne-eläimenä sekä välttelivätkö roomalaiset susiin kohdistuvaa väkivaltaa. Tutkimukseni perustuu klassillisen filologian metodiin eli kielellisten dokumenttien kriittiseen tarkasteluun historiallisessa ja kulttuurisessa kontekstissaan. Osoitan tutkimuksessani, ettei suden uskonnollinen erityisasema rajoittunut antiikin Italiassa pelkästään roomalaisiin.…
In vitro glucuronidation of 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives in intestine and liver microsomes of Beagle dogs
2019
Beagle dog is a standard animal model for evaluating nonclinical pharmacokinetics of new drug candidates. Glucuronidation in intestine and liver is an important first-pass drug metabolic pathway, especially for phenolic compounds. This study evaluated the glucuronidation characteristics of several 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives in beagle dog's intestine and liver in vitro. To this end, glucuronidation rates of 7-hydroxycoumarin (compound 1), 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (2), 6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin (3), 7-hydroxy-3-(4-tolyl)coumarin (4), 3-(4-fluorophenyl)coumarin (5), 7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)coumarin (6), 7-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)coumarin (7), and 7-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-t…
Effect of lithium ions on the catalytic efficiency of calcium oxide as a nanocatalyst for the transesterification of lard oil
2019
The present work encompasses the effect of Li+ ions on CaO nanoparticles for the transesterification of lard oil. The modification of CaO nanoparticles was achieved by the impregnation of different molar ratios of lithium hydroxide. Later, each catalyst was screened for the catalytic conversion of lard oil to a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The nanocatalyst CaO–0.5LiOH (1 : 0.5 molar ratio) showed the best conversion rate for FAME. The synthesized nanocatalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and Hammett indicato…
Pre- and Postnatal Predator Cues Shape Offspring Anti-predatory Behavior Similarly in the Bank Vole
2021
Prey animals can assess the risks predators present in different ways. For example, direct cues produced by predators can be used, but also signals produced by prey conspecifics that have engaged in non-lethal predator-prey interactions. These non-lethal interactions can thereby affect the physiology, behavior, and survival of prey individuals, and may affect offspring performance through maternal effects. We investigated how timing of exposure to predation-related cues during early development affects offspring behavior after weaning. Females in the laboratory were exposed during pregnancy or lactation to one of three odor treatments: (1) predator odor (PO) originating from their most comm…
Secondhand horror: effects of direct and indirect predator cues on behavior and reproduction of the bank vole
2019
Risk recognition by prey is of paramount importance within the evolutionary arms race between predator and prey. Prey species are able to detect direct predator cues like odors and adjust their behavior appropriately. The question arises whether an indirect predation cue, such as the odor of scared individuals, can be detected by conspecifics and subsequently affects recipient behavior. Parents may also transfer their experience with predators to their offspring. In two experiments, we assessed how direct and indirect predation cues affect bank vole (Myodes glareolus) foraging behavior, reproduction, and pup fitness. Weasel (Mustela nivalis) odor served as the direct cue, whereas the odor o…
Индивидуальность поведения рыб влияет на риск заражения паразитами [Personality influences risk of parasitism in fish]
2019
Influence of fish personality on infection rate is almost not studied. In the experiments on the young-of-the-year Oncorhynchus mykiss and cercariae of a trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum we tested the hypothesis that infection rate differs between more and less active (“bold” and “shy”) fish. Will individual differences in infection persist upon re-infection? Fish serve as a second intermediate host for this trematode. A positive correlation was found between the results of consecutive infections. Accumulation of parasites with successive infections leads to an aggregated distribution of D. pseudospathaceum among the hosts, affecting individual fitness and polymorphism in fish populat…
Ongelmaeläimyyden monet ja muuttuvat määrittelyt
2022
Suomeen 1900-luvun puolivälin paikkeilla levinnyt supikoira (Nyctereutes procyonoides) on herättänyt monenlaista huolta ja keskustelua yhteiskunnan eri tasoilla ja ryhmittymissä. Supikoirakannan vähentämiselle löytyy vähän vastustajia, mutta osalle tämä keskikokoinen nisäkäs näyttää olevan niin iso ongelma, että supikoirapuhe saa paikoin raivokkaita sävyjä. Tarkastelen tässä tutkimuksessa keskustelun ongelmaeläinkäsityksiä kehysanalyysillä. Käytän uusstrukturalistiseen kehikkoon sijoittuvassa tarkastelussa sanomalehtien supikoirakirjoituksia aikaväliltä 1970–2020, jolle sijoittuu myös rakennemuutosten ja ympäristöheräämisen kaltaisia suomalaista yhteiskuntaa ja sen ympäristösuhdetta uudelle…
Whole-genome analysis reveals contrasting relationships among nuclear and mitochondrial genomes between three sympatric bat species
2023
Understanding mechanisms involved in speciation can be challenging, especially when hybridization or introgression blurs species boundaries. In bats resolving relationships of some closely related groups has proven difficult due subtle interspecific variation both in morphometrics and molecular datasets. The endemic South American Histiotus bats, currently considered a sub-genus of Eptesicus, harbor unresolved phylogenetic relationships and of those is a trio consisting of two closely related species: Eptesicus (Histiotus) macrotus and E. (H.) montanus, and their relationship with a third, E. (H.) magellanicus. The three sympatric species bear marked resemblance to each other, but can be di…
New insights on the role of ecology and life-history in social evolution
2017
Biological altruism, defined as a behaviour that benefits others at an apparent cost to the focal individual, is found abundantly across different levels of biological organization. While kin selection has been useful for explaining both cooperation and conflict in specialized cooperative societies, more theoretical work has to be done to develop models for realistic ecological and life-history contexts. This thesis aims to fill this gap by providing several new insights on the role of ecology and life-history in various social systems. Firstly, I propose a model that incorporates realistic ecological mechanisms of population regulation and study how different population regulation mechanisms affe…