Search results for "electron"

Minimizing fleet operating costs for a container transportation company

2006

Abstract This paper focuses on a fleet management problem that arises in container trucking industry. From the container transportation company perspective, the present and future operating costs to minimize can be divided in three components: the routing costs, the resource (i.e., driver and truck) assignment costs and the container repositioning costs (i.e., the costs of restoring a given container fleet distribution over the serviced territory, as requested by the shippers that own the containers). This real-world problem has been modeled as an integer programming problem. The proposed solution approach is based on the decomposition of this problem in three simpler sub-problems associate…

Stationary, Second Use Battery Energy Storage Systems and Their Applications: A Research Review

2021

The global demand for electricity is rising due to the increased electrification of multiple sectors of economic activity and an increased focus on sustainable consumption. Simultaneously, the share of cleaner electricity generated by transient, renewable sources such as wind and solar energy is increasing. This has made additional buffer capacities for electrical grids necessary. Battery energy storage systems have been investigated as storage solutions due to their responsiveness, efficiency, and scalability. Storage systems based on the second use of discarded electric vehicle batteries have been identified as cost-efficient and sustainable alternatives to first use battery storage syste…

Strategie językowe trolli internetowych

2018

The anonymity of Internet users very often leads to the violation o f netiquette rules. One of the groups of Internet users who violate the commonly accepted ways of communicating on the Internet are trolls posting provocative commentaries to start conflict. The most frequent result of their attempts is fiame, which is a serious Internet argument loaded with spite. Among linguistic strategies used by trolls are the following: posting commentaries with a lot of intentionally misspelled words, generalizability, use of negative stereotypes, off-topic commentaries (that is starting threads unrelated to the topie of the article or post), emphasizing their own high materiał status, and disparagem…

High-Sensitivity Whispering Gallery Mode Humidity Sensor Based on Glycerol Microdroplet Volumetric Expansion

2021

We demonstrate a highly sensitive whispering gallery mode (WGM) relative humidity (RH) sensor based on a glycerol microdroplet. WGMs were excited using a 760 nm tunable semiconductor laser. We used free space coupling, which is effective when using a liquid resonator. A detailed analysis of different parameters influencing the sensor’s characteristics (sensitivity, hysteresis, resolution, stability, and temperature) is presented. The sensitivity of the sensor is one of the highest reported (2.85 nm/% RH in the range 50–70% RH with the resolution 1 × 10−4% RH). This type of humidity sensor has several advantages, such as high sensitivity, extended lifetime, good repeatability, and low cost, …

An experimental and theoretical study of a heptacoordinated tungsten(VI) complex of a noninnocent phenylenediamine bis(phenolate) ligand

2018

Abstract [W(N2O2)(HN2O2)] (H4N2O2 = N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-phenylenediamine) with a noninnocent ligand was formed by reaction of the alkoxide precursor [W(eg)3] (eg = the 1,2-ethanediolate dianion) with two equivalents of ligand. The phenol groups on one of the ligands are completely deprotonated and the ligand coordinates in a tetradentate fashion, whereas the other ligand is tridentate with one phenol having an intact OH group. The molecular structure, magnetic measurements, EPR spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations indicate that the complex is a stable radical with the odd electron situated on the tridentate amidophenoxide ligand. The formal ox…

Bias and temperature dependence analysis of the tunneling current of normal metal-insulator-normal metal tunnel junctions

2003

Electronic Energy Meter Based on a Tunnel Magnetoresistive Effect (TMR) Current Sensor

2017

In the present work, the design and microfabrication of a tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) electrical current sensor is presented. After its physical and electrical characterization, a wattmeter is developed to determine the active power delivered to a load from the AC 50/60 Hz mains line. Experimental results are shown up to 1000 W of power load. A relative uncertainty of less than 1.5% with resistive load and less than 1% with capacitive load was obtained. The described application is an example of how TMR sensing technology can play a relevant role in the management and control of electrical energy.

Patterning of supported gold monolayers via chemical lift-off lithography

2017

The supported monolayer of Au that accompanies alkanethiolate molecules removed by polymer stamps during chemical lift-off lithography is a scarcely studied hybrid material. We show that these Au–alkanethiolate layers on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) are transparent, functional, hybrid interfaces that can be patterned over nanometer, micrometer, and millimeter length scales. Unlike other ultrathin Au films and nanoparticles, lifted-off Au–alkanethiolate thin films lack a measurable optical signature. We therefore devised fabrication, characterization, and simulation strategies by which to interrogate the nanoscale structure, chemical functionality, stoichiometry, and spectral signature of t…

Strictly correlated electrons approach to excitation energies of dissociating molecules

2019

In this work we consider a numerically solvable model of a two-electron diatomic molecule to study a recently proposed approximation based on the density functional theory of so-called strictly correlated electrons (SCE). We map out the full two-particle wave function for a wide range of bond distances and interaction strengths and obtain analytic results for the two-particle states and eigenenergies in various limits of strong and weak interactions, and in the limit of large bond distance. We then study the so-called Hartree-exchange-correlation (Hxc) kernel of time-dependent density functional theory which is a key ingredient in calculating excitation energies. We study an approximation b…

The OLYMPUS Experiment

2014

Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research / A 741, 1 - 17 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.nima.2013.12.035