Search results for "engineering.material"
showing 10 items of 2352 documents
40Ar/39Ar laser probe dating of detrital white micas from Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Eastern Alps: Evidence for Variscan high-pressure metam…
1997
The detritus of Cretaceous synorogenic sandstones of the northern margin of the Austroalpine microplate contains evidence for a high-pressure metamorphic basement and obducted oceanic crust exposed in early Alpine time. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar laser-probe data of detrital white micas give excellent plateau ages in a narrow range from 320 to 360 Ma. White micas cover the whole range from muscovites up to phengites (3.04 to 3.48 Si per formula unit). Heavy mineral spectra contain chrome spinel, glaucophane, chloritoid, epidote, and garnet, as well as zircon, tourmaline, and rutile. Glaucophane, chloritoid, and phengite correlate in their abundance. These minerals also correlate positively with the stabl…
Ba and Ni speciation in a nodule of binary Mn oxide phase composition from Lake Baikal
2007
The partitioning and incorporation mechanism of Ni and Ba in a ferromanganese nodule from Lake Baikal were characterized by X-ray microfluorescence, microdiffraction, and absorption spectroscopy. Fe is speciated as goethite, and Mn as romanechite (psilomelane) and 10 A ˚ -vernadite (turbostratic buserite) with minor 7 A ˚ -vernadite (turbostratic birnessite). Barium is associated with romanechite and Ni with vernadite in distinct and irregularly distributed layers, and each type of Mn oxide is separated from the other type by goethite. The binary Mn oxide banding pattern is interpreted by a two-mode accretionary model, in which the variation in Ba flux induced by hydrothermal water pulses d…
Estimation of the environmental hazard of organochlorines in pulp mill biosludge used as soil fertilizer
1993
Abstract Contents of total organic chlorine and polychlorinated phenols, guaiacols, catechols, benzenes, cymenes, cymenenes, naphthalenes, toxic dibenzodioxins, toxic dibenzofurans, toxic PCB congener 77, alkylated dibenzofurans, alkylated bibenzyls and alkylated phenanthrenes in spent biosludges from activated sludge treatment plants of chlorobleaching kraft pulp mills are reported. Some estimations of hazard caused by these organochlorines to humans and wildlife from the use of biosludge as soil fertilizer are constructed and discussed.
Organic chlorine compounds in lake sediments. III. Chlorohydrocarbons, free and chemically bound chlorophenols
1990
Abstract Chlorohydrocarbons and free and chemically bound chlorophenols, catechols and guaiacols were measured from lake sediments in Central Finland. Chlorohydrocarbons occurred at low backround levels except chlorocymenes from pulp mills and PCBs near the city of Aanekoski, where a local leakage occurrs. Free chlorophenols (hexane extractables) were found in all 18 areas studied, but the bound ones (extracted with strong alkali) only in the pulp mill reciepient lakes where they dominated. Preliminary analyses of chemically bound chlorophenols in high molecular fractions of spent bleach liquors and pulp mill effluents indicated that majority of chlorocatechols and guaiacols are bound alrea…
Alkylated dibenzothiophenes in pine needles from pulp and paper mill environment
1998
Abstract Concentrations of alkylated dibenzothiophenes (C n DBTs) in pine needles in a recipient area of the emissions from a pulp and paper mill where also waste combustion was done were measured. The concentrations (ng/g dry weight) of C 1 DBTs were in the range of 2 DBTs in the range of 3 DBTs in the range of 3 DBTs] > [C 2 DBTs] > [C 1 DBTs]. The pulp mill could not be shown to be the source of C 1 C 3 DBTs in the pine needles. Other possible sources are situated in the vicinity of the pulp and paper mill. Long-range transport, either, cannot be excluded as a possible source.
The Evolution of Pulp and Paper Industries in Finland, Sweden, and Norway, 1800–2005
2012
In this chapter, we study Finland, Sweden and Norway as examples of countries with small firm populations without intense domestic competition. This has enabled firms to build certain organizational capabilities while neglecting others. The basic story-line in the Nordic paper industry evolution is that a few firms that emerged as industrial populations were (a) built on to exploit abundant raw materials (timber, water, labor); (b) focused to a large extent on exporting their products; and (c) relied on cooperation between competitors to success in competition with the large firms populations of Britain and Germany – the two main markets for Nordic paper industry products.
Importance of ligand speciation in environmental research:A case study
2001
The speciations of EDTA and DTPA in process, waste and river waters are modelled and simulated, specifically to the mode of occurrence in the pulp and paper mill effluents and subsequently in receiving waters. Due to relatively short residence times in bleaching process and waste water treatment and slow exchange kinetics, it is expected that the thermodynamic equilibrium is not necessarily reached. Therefore, the initial speciation plays a key role. As such, the simulations have been extended to the process waters of the pulp and paper industry taking into account estimated average conditions. The results reveal that the main species are; Mn and Ca complexes of EDTA and DTPA in pulp mill p…
Changes in water quality in Lake Päijänne following decrease of effluent load from the pulp and paper industry in 1969–1989
1992
Lake Paijanne, the second largest lake in Finland, has been seriously polluted since the 1960s due to the effluents from pulp and paper mills, notably the Aanekoski sulphate and sulphite pulp mills situated about 50 km north of the lake, and the sulphite pulp mill and paper mills of Jamsankoski and Kaipola on Central Lake Paijanne.
Fate of pulp mill effluent compounds in a finnish watercourse
2013
Chloroorganic chemicals emitted from the pulp and paper mill at nekoski in central Finland were monitored for several years. Concentration time series are used for evaluating the environmental fate and the applicability and validity of an exposure models. Fitted elimination rates of 3,4,5-Tri-, 4,5,6-Tri-, Tetrachloroguaiacol and 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol are approx. 0.22 d(-1), or rather the half-lives are approx. 3 days. The elimination is most likely by biodegradation and transport-controlled. For 2,3,6-trichloro-p-cymene, fate simulations indicate significant volatilization and sedimentation. Good agreement is achieved with a one-dimensional steady-state box model, except for concentrations…
Alkyl polychlorobibenzyls and planar aromatic chlorocompounds in pulp mill products, effluents, sludges and exposed biota
1992
Abstract Aromatic chlorocompounds which interfere in GC/MS analysis of dioxins were studied in samples from three different pulp mills and in fish and mussels exposed to pulp mill effluents. The major interfering compounds were chlorinated alkyl bibenzyls (R-PCBBs; R = C5-alkyl; P = 1–4). In pulp mill samples, levels of C5-PCBBs (10–120 ng/l in effluents, 5–33 ng/g in dried sludges) were orders of magnitude higher than the levels of toxic PCDDs and PCDFs. C5-PCBBs bioaccumulated slightly to the recipient fish (0–2 pg/g in fresh muscles) and to incubated mussels (3–26 ng/g in lipid). In mussels, significant levels (19–73 ng/g in lipid) of other than pulp mill originated toxic hepta- and octa…