Search results for "epidemiologic"

Towards enhancing research on adolescent positive mental health

2019

The positive mental health and well-being perspective represents innovative public health research of first-rank priority in Europe. Good mental health is both a state and a resource for everyday life. Hence, the concept often refers to a subjective feeling (hedonic component) as well as positive functioning (eudaimonic component). Different conceptualisations of mental health-related issues are a background to this paper, which gives a brief overview of three research issues in the Nordic countries. First, the development in the occurrences of adolescent mental health-related indicators such as life satisfaction, health, sleep, and school pressure. Second, review of Nordic methodological s…

Reliability of wastewater analysis for monitoring COVID-19 incidence revealed by a long-term follow-up study

2021

Background Wastewater-based epidemiology has been used for monitoring human activities and waterborne pathogens. Although wastewaters can also be used for tracking SARS-CoV-2 at the population level, the reliability of this approach remains to be established, especially for early warning of outbreaks. Methods We collected 377 samples from different treatment plants processing wastewaters of >1 million inhabitants in Valencia, Spain, between April 2020 and March 2021. Samples were cleaned, concentrated, and subjected to RT-qPCR to determine SARS-CoV-2 concentrations. These data were compared with cumulative disease notification rates over 7 and 14 day periods. Results We amplified SARS-CoV-2…

Assessing alcohol consumption through wastewater-based epidemiology: Spain as a case study

2020

Background In this study, an alternative and complementary method to those approaches currently used to estimate alcohol consumption by the population is described. This method, known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), allows back-calculating the alcohol consumption rate in a given population from the concentrations of a selected biomarker measured in wastewater. Methods Composite (24-h) wastewater samples were collected at the inlet of 17 wastewater treatment plants located in 13 Spanish cities for seven consecutive days in 2018. The sampled area covered 12.8% of the Spanish population. Wastewater samples were analyzed to determine the concentration of ethyl sulfate, the biomarker use…

Air pollution and stroke. A new modifiable risk factor is in the air

2019

Abstract Evidence from epidemiological studies has demonstrated that outdoor air pollution is now a well-known major problem of public health, mainly in low and middle income countries. Contrasting with myocardial infarction , there are few data on the association of air pollution and stroke. Methods We propose a narrative literature review of the effects and the underlying biological mechanisms of short- and long-term exposure to air pollutants on stroke risk and mortality, using the following key-words: stroke, cerebrovascular events, ischemic and haemorrhage stroke, transient ischaemic attack , mortality, air pollution and air pollutants. Results Twenty-one papers were selected. Air poll…

The significance of the triceps surae muscle action as a determinant in the biomechanical genesis of ski fall injuries

1985

In an epidemiologic study of 700 ski fall injuries YOUNG /1/ established a classification of the different fall modes involved. In more than 60 % of all falls that lead to an injury he found a forward bending motion of the body which is frequently coupled with a twisting of the body around the lower extremity. This clearly shows the importance of the forward motion component of the skier’s body in ski fall traumatology. The type of injury and its location depend on the action of the ski binding system. If the binding does not release in a ski fall, the fraction of injuries in the lower extremity amounts to nearly 100 %. If the binding does release, however, the injuries ocurring in this cas…

2018

Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey…

2015

Objectives: Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are malignant neoplastic proliferations of the immune system that can manifest as nodal or extranodal lymphomas. The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the site of occurrence of lymphomas in the head and neck area and to analyze the typical symptoms of patients who presented at an oral and maxillofacial surgical department. Material and Methods: All patient files from1971 until 2012 from an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of a University were analyzed for the diagnosis non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Epidemiologic data and data regarding the localization of the malignant lymphoma were evaluated. Results: 62 patients, 34 women and 28 men with a non-Ho…

Prevalencia de los trastornos del espectro autista: revisión de datos

2016

Published data on the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders point to a significant increase in this indicator. This increase is being studied in numerous publications of analysis, meta-analysis and systematic reviews. The prevalence indicates the proportion of people who suffer at a given time or are diagnosed with a disease. The consequences of the increasing prevalence are relevant from the point of health, social and educational, but especially relevant when as is the case, the cause of the disorder is unknown. It is in this sense that the prevalence study gains importance in order to delimit various circumstances that may give clues to the possible cause or causes that generate disord…

Test-retest reliability of adolescents' self-reported physical activity item in two consecutive surveys.

2019

Background National monitoring of school-aged physical activity (PA) behaviours is necessary to inform policy makers. The Finnish School-aged Physical Activity (FSPA – LIITU in Finnish) is a physical activity monitoring study, collecting data from young adolescents aged 11 to 15 years through a nationally representative sample. This study included a single self-reported item question on moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) from the preceding seven days. The question is used widely in the WHO Collaborative Cross-National Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study as a measure of meeting international PA recommendations. This study evaluated the test-retest relia…

Neural Mechanisms of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Network-Based fMRI Approach

2021

AbstractOver 100 million Americans suffer from chronic pain (CP), which causes more disability than any other medical condition in the U.S. at a cost of $560-$635 billion per year (IOM, 2011). Opioid analgesics are frequently used to treat CP. However, long term use of opioids can cause brain changes such as opioid-induced hyperalgesia that, over time, increase pain sensation. Also, opioids fail to treat complex psychological factors that worsen pain-related disability, including beliefs about and emotional responses to pain. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be efficacious for CP. However, CBT generally does not focus on important factors needed for long-term functional improvement, i…