Search results for "equality"

Class II HLA interactions modulate genetic risk for multiple sclerosis

2015

Association studies have greatly refined the understanding of how variation within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes influences risk of multiple sclerosis. However, the extent to which major effects are modulated by interactions is poorly characterized. We analyzed high-density SNP data on 17,465 cases and 30,385 controls from 11 cohorts of European ancestry, in combination with imputation of classical HLA alleles, to build a high-resolution map of HLA genetic risk and assess the evidence for interactions involving classical HLA alleles. Among new and previously identified class II risk alleles (HLA-DRB1*15:01, HLA-DRB1*13:03, HLA-DRB1*03:01, HLA-DRB1*08:01 and HLA-DQB1*03:02) and cla…

The isoperimetric inequality and the geodesic spheres. Some geometric consequences

1986

Social Geographical Patterns in Membership of the Established Church in Denmark

2019

The Church of Denmark was established in 1849 and is regarded as a pillar of traditional national identity. This status is being challenged by a steady decline in membership in recent decades. The Capital area is especially prone to low membership rates, and this regional pattern remains when the analysis controls for income and education. Furthermore, the local membership rate is also related to affiliation to the neighbourhood. Our detailed analysis is based on public register data on the individual level combined with geographical mapping information. Denmark is thereby divided into micro-aggregated areas in order to locate varying church membership rates. While some local variation can …

Exploratory spatial data analysis of the distribution of regional per capita GDP in Europe, 1980-1995

2000

The aim of this paper is to study the dynamics of European regional per capita product over time and space. This purpose is achieved by using the recently developed methods of Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis. Using a sample of European regions over the 1980-1995 period, we find strong evidence of global and local spatial autocorrelation in per capita GDP throughout the period. The detection of clusters of high and low per capita products during the period is an indication of the persistence of spatial disparities between European regions. This analysis is finally refined by the investigation of the spatial pattern of regional growth. Key words:exploratory spatial data analysis; distributi…

Spain and Its Neighbours: An International Comparison

2018

This chapter analyses whether the evolution of regional inequality in Spain—in terms of the levels reached and characterization of the major stages involved in its growth or reduction—matches that seen in most of the south-western European economic area. To this end new evidence on the historical evolution of territorial inequality in a significant area of Europe comprising all regions of Portugal, Spain, France and Italy is provided. From the analysis performed it can be gathered that the main patterns observed in the evolution of inequality throughout the economic development process in Spain accurately reflect what happened in all four states as a whole.

Spatial Patterns of Regional Income Inequality Then and Now

2018

In this chapter an important element characteristic of territorial inequality is examined: the presence of geographical patterns, that is, the grouping of neighbouring regions into clusters of wealth or poverty. The descriptive evidence provided by the maps is supplemented with spatial autocorrelation statistics to test for the presence of spatial clustering. The analysis aims to identify when exactly the geographical patterns that characterize regional inequality in Spain today took shape. Then some hypotheses as to the causes are established. Finally, the chapter analyses whether the clusters of poor or rich regions continue uninterrupted beyond national borders to include regions of Port…

Positive Youth Development in Bulgaria, Italy, Norway and Romania: Testing the Factorial Structure and Measurement Invariance of the 5Cs Model

2021

This chapter applies the 5Cs model of PYD comprising competence, confidence, character, connection and caring among 1403 youth (M = 18.91 years) in Bulgaria (n = 196), Italy (n = 354), Norway (n = 564) and Romania (n = 289). These countries offer a novel and unique context to apply PYD as related comparative work with youth samples is rare across Eastern (Bulgaria and Romania), Southern (Italy) and Northern Europe (Norway). Further, Bulgaria and Romania are emerging nations following the collapse of the communism in late 1980s in contrast to Italy being a traditionally patriarchal country and social equity driven Norway. The chapter presents an empirical example that evaluates the factorial…

Frailty as a predictor of all-cause mortality in older men and women

2014

Aims To investigate the modifying effect of sex on the association between frailty and all-cause mortality, and to determine the effects of changes in frailty status on mortality. Methods This population-based study comprised 654 persons aged 76–100 years (mean age 82 ± 4.6 years). Frailty status was assessed at baseline in 2005, and reassessed in 2007 (n = 546) using the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria. Death dates were received from the official register until the end of 2009. The associations between frailty, changes in frailty and mortality were investigated using Cox regression models. Results At baseline, 93 (14%) participants were classified as frail, and 311 (48%) as pre-frail.…

Trade Openness and the Skill Premium An Inverted - UU Relation?

2016

Relying on linked employer–employee data from the German manufacturing sector in 1996–2010, I study the relation between the share of exporting establishments and the skill premium within narrowly defined industries. I document that the skill premium tends to be higher in industries with a larger share of exporting establishments. However, once unobserved industry heterogeneity is taken into account, the empirical evidence suggests an inverted-‘U’ relation between the share of exporting establishments and the skill premium.

2014

Background : Social inequalities in health are a major and even growing problem in all European countries. Objective : The aim of the present study was to describe 1) differences in dietary habits among Norwegian adolescents by gender and socioeconomic status; 2) differences in self-reported knowledge of dietary guidelines among their parents according to socioeconomic status. Design : In 2012, a cross-sectional study where students filled in a web-based food frequency questionnaire at school was conducted in nine lower secondary schools in Vest-Agder County, Norway. Socioeconomic status (SES) and knowledge of dietary guidelines were obtained from the parents using a web-based questionnaire…