Search results for "executive"
showing 10 items of 410 documents
Neuropsychological Alterations in Children Affected by Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
2020
Sleep-related breathing disorders are a group of clinical conditions ranging from habitual snoring to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) during the lifespan. In children, other risk factors are represented by adenotonsillar hypertrophy, rhinitis, nasal structure alteration, cleft palate, velopharyngeal flap surgery, pharyngeal masses, craniofacial malformations, genetic syndrome (i.e. Down syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, and Apert syndrome), genetic hypoplasia mandibular (i.e. Pierre Robin syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, Shy-Drager syndrome, and Cornelia De Lange syndrome), craniofacial traumas, chronic or seasonal rhinitis, asthma, neuromuscular syndromes, brainstem pathologies (i.e.…
New Insights Into Causal Pathways Between the Pediatric Age-Related Physical Activity Decline and Loss of Control Eating: A Narrative Review and Prop…
2020
Research consistently suggests that loss of control (LOC) eating in children and adolescents is a key factor contributing to pediatric obesity and eating disorders. However, causes of pediatric LOC eating are yet unclear, and there is a lack of longitudinal research investigating the developmental processes contributing to LOC eating and related outcomes in youth. Physical activity is an understudied behavior that declines during middle childhood to adolescence and may exert an influence in the development of LOC eating via its impact on executive functioning. While physical activity levels and executive functioning have been linked to regulation of eating, no research has examined the mech…
Performance-based tests versus behavioral ratings in the assessment of executive functioning in preschoolers: associations with ADHD symptoms and rea…
2015
The early assessment of the executive processes using ecologically valid instruments is essential for identifying deficits and planning actions to deal with possible adverse consequences. The present study has two different objectives. The first objective is to analyze the relationship between preschoolers' performance on tests of Working Memory and Inhibition and parents' and teachers' ratings of these executive functions (EFs) using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). The second objective consists of studying the predictive value of the different EF measures (performance-based test and rating scales) on Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity behaviors and on in…
Does Physical Activity Improve Inhibition in Kindergarteners? A Pilot Study
2022
Substantial empirical evidence supports the positive effects of physical activity (PA) on executive functions, but not all forms of physical activity benefit equally. Among kindergarteners, cognitively-engaging exercise seems to more strongly effect EF than simple exercise. We aimed to investigate several qualitatively different exercise formats on kindergarteners' inhibition. Participants were 75 children (M age = 68.1 months), recruited from 14 classrooms of three kindergarten schools. They were randomly assigned to three groups: control group, free play group (non-cognitively-engaging PA), and an intervention group (cognitively-engaging PA). The intervention group performed 18 sessions …
Cough is dangerous : neural correlates of implicit body symptoms associations
2016
The negative interpretation of body sensations (e.g., as sign of a severe illness) is a crucial cognitive process in pathological health anxiety (HA). However, little is known about the nature and the degree of automaticity of this interpretation bias. We applied an implicit association test (IAT) in 20 subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate behavioral and neural correlates of implicit attitudes towards symptom words. On the behavioral level, body symptom words elicited strong negative implicit association effects, as indexed by slowed reaction times when symptom words were paired with the attribute harmless (incongruent condition) relative to a control …
Izpildvaras politisko amatpersonu un pārvaldes amatpersonu sadarbība Latvijā kopš 2010. gada
2021
Nosaukums: Izpildvaras politisko amatpersonu un pārvaldes amatpersonu sadarbība Latvijā kopš 2010. gada. Pētījuma problēma: nav izvērtēta izpildvaras politisko amatpersonu un pārvaldes amatpersonu sadarbība Latvijā kopš 2010. gada un tā atbilstība teorētiskajiem modeļiem. Mērķis: izvērtēt to, kuram teorētiskajam modelim atbilst sadarbība starp abām pusēm. Teorētiskajā daļā: ir iekļauta informācija no akadēmiskās literatūras par pārvaldes amatpersonu un politisko amatpersonu funkcijām un sadarbības modeļiem. Izmantotās metodes: dokumentu analīze, padziļinātas intervijas. Rezultāti: Sadarbība starp pārvaldes amatpersonām un politiskajām amatpersonām Latvijā atbilst sadalīto pienākumu modelim.
FUNCIONAMIENTO EJECUTIVO TEMPRANO EN NIÑOS CON DIFICULTADES MATEMÁTICAS PERSISTENTES
2016
El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en examinar las diferencias en las funciones ejecutivas de inhibición y memoria de trabajo (MT) evaluadas en Educación Infantil entre sujetos con dificultades persistentes en el área de matemáticas en 2º de Educación Primaria y niños con un rendimiento adecuado. La muestra final del estudio estuvo conformada por 180 niños (inicialmente compuesta por 209 preescolares), de los cuales un 6.6% presentaron dificultades matemáticas persistentes (n = 12) y el 45.5% mostraron un rendimiento adecuado en ambas mediciones (n = 82). En Educación Infantil, se administraron seis tareas neuropsicológicas relacionadas con las funciones ejecutivas de inhibición, MT…
Rozliczalność jako element jakości procesu demokratycznego w systemie instytucjonalnym III Rzeczypospolitej
2018
The term “accountability” refers to a manner of assuming responsibility, in particular a relevant verifi - cation of particular actions and processes located in time and assigned to a concrete subject. Usu ally the following two types of accountability are identifi ed: inter-institutional (horizontal) accountability and electoral (vertical) accountability. Accountability applies primarily to the executive branch of government, but it is included in the much wider range of the accountability of the particular institutions of a political system. It constitutes an element of the quality of democracy. There have been oscillations in the level of accountability in the political system of the Pol…
Systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of the efficacy, safety, and biological effects of psychostimulants and atomoxetine in patients with …
2019
ObjectiveOur aim was to summarize the efficacy and safety of atomoxetine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate in schizophrenia.MethodsWe undertook a systematic review, searching PubMed/Scopus/Clinicaltrials.gov for double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies of psychostimulants or atomoxetine in schizophrenia published up to 1 January 2017. A meta-analysis of outcomes reported in two or more studies is presented.ResultsWe included 22 studies investigating therapeutic effects of stimulants (k=14) or measuring symptomatic worsening/relapse prediction after stimulant challenge (k=6). Six studies of these two groups plus one additional study investigated biological effects of psychostimu…
Theory of mind development from adolescence to adulthood: Testing the two-component model
2020
The ability to infer mental and affective states of others is crucial for social functioning. This ability, denoted as Theory of Mind (ToM), develops rapidly during childhood, yet results on its development across adolescence and into young adulthood are rare. In the present study, we tested the two‐component model, measuring age‐related changes in social‐perceptual and social‐cognitive ToM in a sample of 267 participants between 11 and 25 years of age. Additionally, we measured language, reasoning, and inhibitory control as major covariates. Participants inferred mental states from non‐verbal cues in a social‐perceptual task (Eye Test) and from stories with faux pas in a social‐cognitive t…