Search results for "fair"
showing 10 items of 351 documents
The Paper Industry in Germany, 1800–2000
2012
Germany is the biggest paper exporter in the world, the biggest paper producer in Europe and the fourth biggest producer in the world. It is also the biggest market in Europe and a major export market for European pulp producers. However, only three German pulp and paper companies made it to the top 100 list of the industry in 2010 and none made it into the top 50 (PPI 2011). This article describes the development of the German industry from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present in order to explain the factors contributing to this unusual state of affairs in a country which, during the second Industrial Revolution, created major players in the new global oligopolies in chem…
Blockchain Tokens From the Perspective of German Civil Law: An Updated View
2020
Tokens are increasingly being generated on the basis of blockchain technology, which are intended to embody certain rights and obligations as cryptographically secured electronic coupons or digital coupons or vouchers . This paper provides an overview of the current state of affairs and the legal discussion of recent years and examines the extent to which blockchain tokens can be included under the existing German civil law framework of the BGB (German Civil Code). The key question is how goods can be legally represented ("tokenised") digitally and effectively by tokens instead of in documents. There are several approaches to make tokens marketable. Among them are also those that let the "r…
The maximisation of the rate of financial profit
1991
On the traditional micro-economic theory, firms are supposed to maximise pure profit. We study what happened when we take into consideration shareholders and the financial profit remunerating the financial capital. We show that it is necessary to surrender the financial profit maximisation to use the rate of financial profit maximisation. The cases of concurrence with fix coefficient of capital, monopoly with fix coefficient of capital, monopoly with variable coefficient of capital are studied, and the role of contraints of rentability are treated. The solutions given by the profit maximisation and by the rate of profitmaximisation are compared. We conclude to a reduction of the volume of i…
Giustizia penale e tratta di esseri umani: i risvolti processuali della "vulnerabilità"
2017
Il contrasto dei fenomeni di tratta e di traffico di esseri umani mostra un processo di “contaminazione” fra normativa di tipo universale e regionale, caratterizzato dal rispetto dello standard di Duty of Due Diligence. Domina lo scenario italiano il concetto polifunzionale di “vulnerabilità”, direttamente trasfuso nella fattispecie sostanziale, recepito nel sistema processuale ed evidenziato da alcuni esiti giurisprudenziali. Esso, oltre a influenzare la determinazione del locus commissi delicti, gioca un ruolo di sicuro rilievo nel giustificare forme di anticipazione del contraddittorio e nel tratteggiare i contorni della prova dichiarativa “debole”. Ulteriori effetti la “vulnerabilità” e…
Crowdsourcing for innovation: understanding the role of IPR, governance and fairness in crowdsourcing contests
Judicial reviews against deprivation of liberty
2012
Lo studio propone un'analisi critica della giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo sul tema della libertà personale e dei relativi controlli.
Necessidade do controlar de oficio as cláusulas abusivas nos contratos com consumidores: Estudo comparado com o sistema espanhol
2016
Las autoridades europeas abogan por dotar al juez de mayores facultades para controlar ex officio la inclusión de cláusulas abusivas en los contratos de adhesión celebrados entre empresarios y consumidores. Una línea jurisprudencial incorporada en España, mejorando así la tutela y protección de los derechos e intereses de los consumidores. No obstante, países como Uruguay no contemplan esta posibilidad, impidiendo al juez realizar un control de contenido cuando no haya sido solicitado por las partes puesto que se cuestiona su anulación debido a la propia naturaleza de la nulidad. En el presente artículo analizamos las diferentes regulaciones de las cláusulas abusivas en los ordenamientos es…
Beyond Foreign Policy? EU Sanctions at the Intersection of Development, Trade, and CFSP
2022
In the wake of unsettling conflicts and democratic backsliding, states and organisations increasingly respond with sanctions. The European Union (EU) is one of them: Brussels makes use of the entire toolbox in its foreign policy, and its sanctions appear in different forms—diplomatic measures, travel bans, financial bans, or various forms of economic restrictions. Yet, there is little debate between different strands in the literature on EU sanctions, in particular concerning measures under the Common Foreign and Security Policy and those pertaining to the development and trade policy fields. Our thematic issue addresses this research gap by assembling a collection of articles investigating…
Identity, Instrumental Self-Interest and Institutional Evaluations: Explaining Public Opinion on Common European Policies in Foreign Affairs and Defe…
2008
This paper addresses public opinion on common European policies in foreign affairs and defence. It proposes three models of support for common policies in these fields. Drawing on Eurobarometer data, the analysis shows that instrumental self-interest and territorial identities contribute considerably to explaining support for common foreign affairs and defence policies. Moreover, support for common policies is strongly driven by domain-specific evaluations of the European Union's performance. These findings suggest that popular support for common European policies in foreign affairs and defence has an experiential base. Thus, elites have an incentive to respond to public opinion when makin…
Hedge Effectiveness Testing as a Screening Mechanism for Hedge Accounting
2014
Accounting for financial instruments has been subject to much controversy, particularly accounting practices related to derivatives held for hedging purposes. For cash flow hedges, poor matching may result when fair-value accounting is prescribed for the hedging instrument and historical cost is prescribed for the assets that generate the “highly probable forecast transaction” to be hedged. Fair-value accounting may therefore induce excess variations in earnings, which could make a firm appear to be more risky than it actually is. The alternative to fair-value accounting offered by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to fi…